{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:37:43Z","timestamp":1785411463823,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wsfe280","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reproductive emergencies in male dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) threaten fertility, health, and welfare but remain poorly documented. This review consolidates knowledge on the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of acute reproductive pathologies, including traumatic injuries (testicular trauma, penile hematoma, and preputial laceration), obstructive conditions (urethral obstruction, phimosis, and paraphimosis), vascular emergencies (spermatic cord torsion, priapism), inflammatory diseases (orchitis, epididymitis, pizzle rot), congenital anomalies (persistent frenulum), iatrogenic complications, and pharmacologic-induced dysfunction. Systematic breeding soundness examination and ultrasonography are indispensable for assessing testicular perfusion and guiding intervention. Given the scarcity of camel-specific literature, this narrative clinical review integrates evidence from published camelid studies, relevant reports from other domestic species, and representative clinical observations documented by the authors to provide a practical framework for diagnosis and management. Field constraints, the stoic nature of camels, and harmful ethnoveterinary practices often delay diagnosis and compromise outcomes. Prognosis varies considerably depending on the condition and timeliness of intervention; early aggressive management can preserve reproductive function, while delayed treatment frequently results in permanent infertility or death. Given the economic and cultural importance of camels in arid regions, improving outcomes for reproductive emergencies is essential for sustaining breeding programs and enhancing animal welfare. This narrative clinical review integrates published literature with representative clinical observations and retrospective field cases to summarize the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of reproductive emergencies in male dromedary camels. It also provides a structured clinical framework to support veterinarians in managing these acute conditions and highlights critical gaps requiring further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16121843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1781535648000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Male Dromedary Reproductive Emergencies: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Management and Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derar","family":"Derar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pearson, L.K., and Tibary, A. (2012, January 14\u201315). Infertility of camelids. Proceedings of the UC Davis Camelid Symposium, Davis, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Non-ischemic priapism in male dromedary: A case report","volume":"57","author":"Derar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.11.003","article-title":"Infertility in the dromedary bull: A review of causes, relations and implications","volume":"87","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cebra, C., Anderson, D., Tibary, A., Saun, R.J.V., and Johnson, L.W. (2014). Infertility and subfertility in the male. Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health, WB Saunders."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13988","article-title":"Aetiological analysis and diagnosis of reproductive disorders in male dromedary camels","volume":"56","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sghiri, A., Waqas, M.S., Ciccarelli, M., Anouassi, A., and Tibary, A. (2025). Advances in the diagnosis of reproductive disorders in male camelids. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.1503.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.10.1641","article-title":"Recurrent torsion of the spermatic cord and scrotal testis in a stallion","volume":"196","author":"Threlfall","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.034603","article-title":"Torsion of the testicular appendix: Importance of associated acute inflammation","volume":"59","author":"Rakha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Abdeen, B.M., and Leslie, S.W. (2024). Stuttering priapism (recurrent or intermittent priapism). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.024","article-title":"Reproductive emergencies in camelids","volume":"70","author":"Tibary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30353-X","article-title":"Reproductive emergencies in the stallion","volume":"10","author":"Perkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.E., Gao, M., Essawi, W.M., Osman, A.Y.M., Hussein, M.K., Abdelrahman, M., Al-Saeed, F.A., Hussein, H.A., Liu, Y.-b., and Mohamed, R.H. (2025). Computer-assisted sperm analysis of the epididymal spermatozoa in dromedary camels suffering from penile and preputial pathological problems. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1537708"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020534323968","article-title":"Silica urolithiasis in the dromedary camel in a subtropical climate","volume":"26","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2011.31","article-title":"Prepuce: Phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision","volume":"11","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ali, A., and Derar, R. (2015). Comparative Theriogenology, Qassim University."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"380","article-title":"Evaluation of stress response to electroejaculation in anesthetized alpacas (Vicugna pacos)","volume":"3","author":"Picha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-016-0029-4","article-title":"Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility","volume":"26","author":"Almont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Androl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.jhrs_90_23","article-title":"Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and male fertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mulawkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12370","article-title":"Evaluation of the breeding soundness of male camels (Camelus dromedarius) via clinical examination, semen analysis, ultrasonography and testicular biopsy: A summary of 80 clinical cases","volume":"49","author":"Waheed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-10022-9","article-title":"An updated insight on testicular hemodynamics: Environmental, physiological, and technical perspectives in farm and companion animals","volume":"47","author":"Samir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derar, D., Ali, A., Alshanbari, F.A., and Elzagafi, M.H. (2026). Doppler waveform alterations of the supratesticular artery and associated semen biomarkers in infertile male dromedary camels. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020319"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.18548\/aspe\/0006.04","article-title":"Investigation of male infertility in llamas and alpacas","volume":"8","author":"Tibary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spermova"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"7","article-title":"Review on gross testicular and scrotal abnormalities in bulls","volume":"11","author":"Bekele","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Med. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"579","article-title":"Reproductive emergencies in camelids","volume":"6","author":"Tibary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70171","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70171","article-title":"Impotentia generandi and testicular degeneration in male dromedary camels: The role of inflammatory cytokines and proapoptotic protein in the induction of testicular degeneration and their association with clinical findings and semen characteristics","volume":"61","author":"Amin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.018","article-title":"Reproductive physiology and infertility in male South American camelids: A review and clinical observations","volume":"61","author":"Tibary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ali, A., and Derar, R. (2017). Atlas of Reproduction in Dromedary Camels, Qassim University."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.14744\/tjtes.2024.32035","article-title":"A new grading system for testicular trauma and one-year follow-up results on male testicular function: G\u00fclhane Grading System","volume":"30","author":"Ebiloglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ulus. Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, F., Mohamed, R.H., Abd-Elkareem, M., and Hassan, M.S. (2024). Serological and histolomorphological investigation of camel bulls testes (Camelus dromedaries) during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04108-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waqas, M.-S., Arroyo, E., and Tibary, A. (2024). Diagnostic approach to equine testicular disorders. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11060243"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"45","article-title":"Study on gross testicular disorders of bulls slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoirs enterprise","volume":"5","author":"Migbaru","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Pearson, L.K., and Tibary, A. (2014). Research update on the male breeding soundness examination. Proceedings of the International Camelid Health Conference Veterinary, Columbus, OH, USA, 1\u20133 August 2014, The Ohio State University."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.01.011","article-title":"Phimosis in male dromedary camels: Clinical findings and changes in the hemogram, nitric oxide metabolites, and testosterone concentrations","volume":"85","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.03.024","article-title":"Topographical anatomy and desensitization of the pudendal nerve in adult male dromedary camels","volume":"76","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00622-7","article-title":"Priapism: A review","volume":"56","author":"Rochat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-025-01069-9","article-title":"An update on mechanisms and treatment options for priapism","volume":"22","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"746","article-title":"Priapism in the stallion","volume":"127","author":"Ensink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002767","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of recurrent ischemic priapism, priapism in sickle cell patients, and non-ischemic priapism: An AUA\/SMSNA guideline","volume":"208","author":"Bivalacqua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dursun, M., Kalkanl\u0131, A., Tantekin, S.A., Sevin\u00e7, A.H., Ka\u00e7an, T., Ercan, C.C., and Kad\u0131o\u011flu, A. (2025). The role of the urologist in managing high flow priapism. Int. J. Impot. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-025-01017-6"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.253045100","article-title":"Color Doppler US of the postoperative penis: Anatomy and surgical complications","volume":"25","author":"Bertolotto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1987.tb00937.x","article-title":"Surgical treatment of priapism in a stallion","volume":"16","author":"Schumacher","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.01.18","article-title":"Advances in the understanding of priapism","volume":"6","author":"Hudnall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151959","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.151959","article-title":"Persistence of congenital penile frenulum in male cat: Case report","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary.2025.v10.i9c.2548","article-title":"Diseases transmitted through semen in bovine and its preventive measures","volume":"10","author":"Jatav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phimosis due to mycotic balanitis in male dromedary","volume":"1","author":"Derar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Camel Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary.2024.v9.i4b.1516","article-title":"Surgical correction for persistence of congenital penile frenulum in a dog: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, R.H., Essawi, W.M., Osman, A.Y., Hussein, M.K., Ali, M.E., and Hussein, H.A. (2025). Penile and preputial pathological problems and their impact on reproductive organ biometry and epididymal sperm quality in dromedary camels. Egypt. J. Vet. Sci.","DOI":"10.21608\/ejvs.2025.345863.2570"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.10.022","article-title":"Erectile dysfunction in male dromedary camels: Clinical findings and changes in the nitric oxide metabolite, cardiac troponin I and testosterone concentrations","volume":"89","author":"Derar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5319-1.00016-5","article-title":"Male genital system","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.35","article-title":"Red urine syndrome in dromedary camels: Clinical, etiological, hematobiochemical, sonographic, and pathologic findings","volume":"14","author":"Tharwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tharwat, M., and Elmoghazy, H.M.M. (2025). Ongoing evolution of urinary tract disorders in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): A comprehensive illustrated sonographic overview. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1638275"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"231","article-title":"Pathological findings of slaughtered camels\u2019 (Camelus dromedaris) kidneys in Najaf-Abad, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Kojouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2023.009","article-title":"Impact of intestinal and urinary tracts obstruction on oxidative stress biomarkers in dromedary camels","volume":"12","author":"Almundarij","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schregel, J., Kleinschmidt, S., von Altrock, A., Hoeltig, D., Ganter, M., and Wagener, M.G. (2022). Case report: Urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis and a urinary bladder malformation in a seven-month-old alpaca cria. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1038642"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzok, M., Almubarak, A.I., Alkhodair, K.M., Nazih, M.A., Tharwat, M., and El-Sherif, M.W. (2025). A novel approach for urethral catheterization in dromedary camels: A preclinical study. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04713-z"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.7.868","article-title":"Use of tube cystostomy in the surgical management of obstructive urolithiasis in a Bactrian camel","volume":"254","author":"Rosser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"275","article-title":"Surgical disorders of reproductive tract in male camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"5","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intas Polivet"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.c2229","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of scrotal enlargement in bulls","volume":"32","author":"Statham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Persistent genital arousal disorder in a male: A case report and analysis of the cause","volume":"3","author":"Kamatchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"CPD Bull. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/64869","article-title":"Persistent genital arousal disorder-a case report","volume":"51","author":"Hrynko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.36922\/gtm.2341","article-title":"Management of persistent genital arousal disorder: A case report","volume":"2","author":"Menchete","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiala, L., and Lenz, J. (2025). Case Report: Development of persistent genital arousal disorder due to a possible combination of medications. Front. Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1709728"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21037\/acr-24-286","article-title":"Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) characterized by recurrent and spontaneous orgasmic experience: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"AME Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.45","article-title":"A case report of severe Aspergillus flavus penile infection","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2011.572862","article-title":"Superficial fungal infections of the male genitalia: A review","volume":"37","author":"Aridogan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egbuta, M.A., Mwanza, M., and Babalola, O.O. (2017). Health risks associated with exposure to filamentous fungi. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070719"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.06.023","article-title":"Influence of stimulation by electroejaculation on myocardial function, acid-base and electrolyte status, and hematobiochemical profiles in male dromedary camels","volume":"82","author":"Tharwat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02702-6","article-title":"Effects of two different management systems on hormonal, behavioral, and semen quality in male dromedary camels","volume":"53","author":"Fatnassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tibary, A., and Anouassi, A. (2021). Reproductive disorders in male camelidae, Theriogenology in Camelidae: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Artificial Breeding."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2026, May 18). MSD Manual. Anabolic Steroids and Their Effects on Male Reproductive Function. Available online: https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"90","article-title":"Review on the role of dromedary bulls on infertility of camel herds","volume":"43","author":"Houssou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1071\/RD20257","article-title":"Investigation of male and female infertility in llamas and alpacas","volume":"33","author":"Tibary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Hakeem, S.S., Megahed, G., Al-Hakami, A.M., Tolba, M.E.M., and Karar, Y.F.M. (2025). Impact of trypanosomiasis on male camel infertility. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1506532"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.07.001","article-title":"Impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: Clinical findings, semen characteristics, and testicular histopathology","volume":"82","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2021.04.007","article-title":"Managing reproduction emergencies in the field","volume":"37","author":"Sprayberry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4103\/cmi.cmi_99_20","article-title":"Double-penile frenulum: An unusual developmental anomaly","volume":"18","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Issues"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Tibary, A., and Pearson, L.K. (2012, January 14\u201315). Male fertility attributes. Proceedings of the University Minnesota Camelid Health Conference, St. Paul, MN, USA."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/12\/1843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:15:57Z","timestamp":1781842557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/12\/1843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16121843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16121843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}}}