{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:53:23Z","timestamp":1781690003201,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of dietary inert digestibility markers on gut microbiota and intestinal fermentation remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of dietary titanium dioxide (TiO2) supplementation at 4 kg\/t feed, representing a typical dose used in animal nutrition studies, on fermentation dynamics and microbial composition in broiler chickens using combined ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Ex vivo fermentations were conducted using ileal and caecal microbiota and substrates collected from 32-day-old broiler chickens. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was supplemented directly to the fermentations, and gas production and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles were used as the main outcome measures. In parallel, 392 broiler chickens were fed diets with or without TiO2 for 32 days, and ileal and caecal digesta were analysed for fermentation end-products and microbial composition using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A second ex vivo experiment was performed using microbiota adapted to dietary TiO2. In the first ex vivo model, TiO2 reduced gas production and acetic acid concentration in the ileum (p &lt; 0.05), whereas in the caecum it increased gas production, total eubacterial counts, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) (p &lt; 0.05). In vivo, TiO2 did not affect growth performance or organ development but significantly increased isobutyric acid and total BCFA concentrations in the caecum (p &lt; 0.05). Metagenomic analysis revealed increased caecal alpha diversity (Shannon index) and enrichment of taxa associated with amino acid metabolism, including Massilicoli timonensis, Blautia merdavium, Rubneribacter badeniensis, and Mediterraneibacter caccavium. The second ex vivo experiment showed similar trends, with increased gas and BCFA production. Collectively, these findings indicate that TiO2 can modulate intestinal fermentation and microbial composition in a segment-specific manner, suggesting that dietary markers may not be biologically inert.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16121867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:22:56Z","timestamp":1781684576000},"page":"1867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of the Effect of TiO2 as a Dietary Marker on Broiler Intestinal Fermentation: Combination of Ex Vivo Simulation and In Vivo Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Kiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimetrics Research Oy, FI-02920 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Jurgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimetrics Research Oy, FI-02920 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Gonzalez-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB Vista, Marlborough SN8 4AN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Walk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB Vista, Marlborough SN8 4AN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teemu","family":"Rinttil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimetrics Research Oy, FI-02920 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4801","article-title":"Marker type but not concentration influenced apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in phytase-supplemented diets for broiler chickens and pigs","volume":"90","author":"Olukosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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