{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:46:07Z","timestamp":1782535567229,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In tropical countries, broiler chickens are exposed to elevated ambient temperatures and humidity, which are sometimes exacerbated by high stocking densities and poor litter quality, thereby predisposing birds to severe stress, weakening immune function, and promoting BCO lameness progression. BCO lameness causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry and increases the risk of foodborne disease. BCO is frequently underdiagnosed in live populations, resulting in an iceberg phenomenon in which subclinical lesions are more prevalent than clinically apparent lameness. Therefore, a total of 500 Cobb500 broiler chickens from five commercial broiler flocks in Central Java, Indonesia, were randomly selected, weighed, slaughtered, and necropsied to evaluate the prevalence of BCO lameness lesions in the proximal femoral and tibial heads across distinct market ages ranging from 33 to 43 days. The ambient housing temperature in the region can reach 28\u201329 \u00b0C during the day. The results showed that more than 80% of the samples had normal femora at 33 days of age with an average body weight of 1.9 kg. A significant increase in the frequency and severity of femoral and tibial lesions was recorded at 35 to 36 days of age, when the average body weight reached approximately 2.5 kg. The high frequency of worsening BCO lesions observed during the 5th week suggests an age-related pattern in BCO occurrence during the late stages of grow-out. These findings suggest that improvements in nutrition, environment, and production management strategies before 36 days of age are necessary to mitigate the impact of BCO lameness in the poultry industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16121910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Age-Associated Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis Lesions in Commercial Broiler Flocks in Central Java, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6793-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi","family":"Asnayanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aji Praba","family":"Baskara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhsin Al","family":"Anas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5119-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Dang Trieu","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Rhoads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan A. K.","family":"Alrubaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alexandratos, N., and Bruinsma, J. (2012). World Agriculture Towards 2030\/2050: The 2012 Revision, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Badan Pusat Statistik (2026). Jumlah Produksi Daging Unggas Menurut Provinsi dan Jenis (kg), 2025."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00055","article-title":"Comparison of a modern broiler line and a heritage line unselected since the 1950s","volume":"88","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. 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