{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1782128839215,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a contagious neoplasm affecting dogs, commonly treated with vincristine sulfate, although this protocol may be associated with adverse effects and the need for multiple therapeutic sessions. In this context, adjuvant therapies have been investigated to optimize clinical outcomes. This study evaluated the effect of conventional and ozonated autohemotherapy on the number of chemotherapy sessions required to achieve complete remission of TVT. Fifteen dogs with a confirmed diagnosis were randomly allocated into three groups: control (vincristine, n = 5), conventional autohemotherapy associated with vincristine (AHTm, n = 5), and ozonated autohemotherapy associated with vincristine (AHTmO3, n = 5). The animals were evaluated weekly through clinical, cytological, hematological, and biochemical examinations. The primary outcome was the number of sessions required to achieve complete remission. A significant reduction was observed in the AHTm (p = 0.032) and AHTmO3 (p = 0.008) groups compared to the control group. No differences were found in laboratory parameters. The findings suggest that autohemotherapy, particularly in its ozonated form, may serve as a promising adjuvant strategy. However, studies with larger sample sizes are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16121913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:49:55Z","timestamp":1782121795000},"page":"1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Conventional and Ozonated Autohemotherapy as Adjuvant Treatment in Dogs with Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Neusvaldo de Medeiros","family":"Caldas J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Group on Equines and Integrative Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Vi\u00e7osa 5770000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4000-815X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Sampaio","family":"Calheiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Group on Equines and Integrative Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Vi\u00e7osa 5770000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5382-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keityane de Oliveira e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Group on Equines and Integrative Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Vi\u00e7osa 5770000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2479-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danillo de Souza","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Group on Equines and Integrative Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Vi\u00e7osa 5770000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8233-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia Kikuyo","family":"Notomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Group on Equines and Integrative Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Vi\u00e7osa 5770000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre Barnab\u00e9","family":"Escodro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Group on Equines and Integrative Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Vi\u00e7osa 5770000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Tumor ven\u00e9reo transmiss\u00edvel em c\u00e3es: Revis\u00e3o","volume":"13","author":"Zupa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade UNG"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Occurrence and location of transmissible venereal tumors in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Araujo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"91","article-title":"Tumor ven\u00e9reo transmiss\u00edvel em cavidade oral","volume":"38","author":"Filgueira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Daleck, C.R., and de Nardi, A.B. (2016). Oncologia em C\u00e3es e Gatos, Roca. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sabogal, J. (2019). Tumor Ven\u00e9reo Transmiss\u00edvel Com Met\u00e1stase. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589603300301","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of canine transmissible venereal tumor","volume":"33","author":"Mozos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cell cycle kinetics and gene expression in TVT","volume":"14","author":"Florez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"253","article-title":"Cytomorphological characterization of transmissible canine venereal tumor","volume":"102","author":"Amaral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Port. De Cienc. Veterin\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"TVT com met\u00e1stase mam\u00e1ria","volume":"42","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"28","article-title":"Tumor ven\u00e9reo transmiss\u00edvel com met\u00e1stases cut\u00e2nea e ocular em c\u00e3o","volume":"25","author":"Camolese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Unimar Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lucena, D.V. (2022). TVT Nasal em C\u00e3es: Relato de Caso. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, UNICEPLAC]."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"639","article-title":"Met\u00e1stases cut\u00e2neas de TVT","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medvep"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Tratamientos alternativos en TVT","volume":"15","author":"Quiroga","year":"2020","journal-title":"CES Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15377","DOI":"10.34117\/bjdv8n2-453","article-title":"Auto-hemoterapia como imunoestimulante","volume":"8","author":"Quessada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lima, H.A.C., and Silva, P.T.G. (2019). Aplicabilidade da ozonioterapia no tratamento de ferida. Proceedings of the Simp\u00f3sio ICESP, ICESP."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12060","article-title":"Canine transmissible venereal tumor: A review","volume":"14","author":"Ganguly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-66","article-title":"Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship","volume":"9","author":"Bocci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.82319","article-title":"Ozone therapy: A clinical review","volume":"2","author":"Elvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Moura, L. (2026, January 10). Auto-Hemoterapia: Conversa com o Dr. Luiz Moura. Available online: https:\/\/inricristo.org.br\/autohemoterapia-conversa-com-dr-luiz-moura\/."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"860","article-title":"Ozone therapy in experimental vasospasm","volume":"26","author":"Orakdogen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"ISCO3 (2020). Madrid Declaration on Ozone Therapy, ISCO3. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ozonioterapia no tratamento de c\u00e3es com dermatite bacteriana","volume":"32","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Cient. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Jain, N.C., Feldman, B.F., and Zinkl, J.G. (2000). Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology, Lea & Febiger. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"854","article-title":"Occurrence of canine transmissible venereal tumor and evaluation of two treatments","volume":"70","author":"Gandotra","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"476","article-title":"Primary ocular transmissible venereal tumor in a prepubescent female dog","volume":"48","author":"Amaral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Tinucci-Costa, M. (2016). Tumor ven\u00e9reo transmiss\u00edvel. Oncologia em C\u00e3es e Gatos, Roca. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnew, D.W., and Maclachlan, N.J. (2017). Tumors of the genital tract. Tumors in Domestic Animals, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119181200.ch16"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"109","article-title":"Case Study of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor","volume":"2","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"EC Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"803","article-title":"Tumor ven\u00e9reo transmiss\u00edvel canino: Revis\u00e3o","volume":"4","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"PUBVET"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"41","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas e incid\u00eancia do TVT em c\u00e3es","volume":"5","author":"Sousa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rodaski, S., and De Nardi, A.B. (2007). Quimioterapia Antineopl\u00e1sica em C\u00e3es e Gatos, MedVet."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/12\/1913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1782125521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/12\/1913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16121913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16121913","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]}}}