{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:01:36Z","timestamp":1788300096777,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}]},{"award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for the Introduced Talents of Guangxi Minzu University","award":["2021KJQD17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJQD17"]}]},{"award":["2021KJQD17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJQD17"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0495efn48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, expression of antioxidant- and inflammation-related genes, and gut microbiota in juvenile GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus). The juvenile GIFT (total 540, initial body weight: 16.17 \u00b1 1.32 g) were randomly divided into six groups and fed diets containing 0, 1 \u00d7 107, 1 \u00d7 108, 1 \u00d7 109, 1 \u00d7 1010, or 1 \u00d7 1011 CFU\/kg B. subtilis for 60 days. Compared with the control group (0 CFU\/kg B. subtilis), dietary B. subtilis significantly improved final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and daily growth index and reduced feed conversion ratio (p &lt; 0.05). Supplementation also significantly increased intestinal amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the expression of several antioxidant-related genes was upregulated, whereas pro-inflammatory gene expression was generally downregulated in the intestine, liver, and head kidney. Gut microbiota analysis indicated that B. subtilis supplementation altered community composition, increased Firmicutes\u2019 abundance, and reduced Proteobacteria abundance. Among all supplementation levels evaluated, the diet containing 1 \u00d7 109 CFU\/kg B. subtilis produced the most favorable overall beneficial effects under the conditions of the present study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16131942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Bacillus subtilis Improves Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant and Inflammatory Responses, and Gut Microbiota in Juvenile GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuoyun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daidi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, 8 Qingshan Road, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanqian","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongbao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, 8 Qingshan Road, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01117-4","article-title":"Tilapia aquaculture, emerging diseases, and the roles of the skin microbiomes in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Debnath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. 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