{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:18:52Z","timestamp":1783678732767,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kobuviruses infect a wide range of hosts and exhibit high genetic diversity, highlighting the need for further studies to better understand their evolution and impact on animal health. In the present study, bovine kobuvirus (BKoV) was detected in 40 of 154 fecal samples from calves using the primers targeting the 3D gene region, corresponding to an overall positivity rate of 25.97%. All positive samples were obtained from diarrheic calves younger than 30 days of age, (40\/133; 30.08%), consistent with previous studies. To enable more reliable genotyping, the complete VP1 gene sequences of seven BKoV strains were obtained, and the phylogenetic analyses showed that all VP1 sequences of this study clustered within Aichivirus B1. Additionally, immunoinformatics analysis of the VP1 protein identified conserved linear and discontinuous B-cell epitopes that may represent potential targets for cross-reactive diagnostic assays or future vaccine studies. The complete coding sequence of one strain, K056\/2008\/TUR, was also generated, and molecular analysis of this strain provided further evidence of ongoing viral evolution and genetic diversity in T\u00fcrkiye. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the prevalence, genetic diversity, and predicted immunogenic features of BKoVs in calves in T\u00fcrkiye, supporting further studies on its pathogenesis, diagnostics, and antigenic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16131973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:43:57Z","timestamp":1782463437000},"page":"1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection and Genetic Diversity of Bovine Kobuvirus in Diarrheic Calves in T\u00fcrkiye: Genomic Characterization and Comparative B-Cell Epitope Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0633-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selda","family":"Duran-Yelken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130lke","family":"Karayel-Hac\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szilvia","family":"Marton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN-PE Limnoecology Research Group, 8200 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"},{"name":"Research Group of Limnology, Center of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feray","family":"Alkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.001","article-title":"Case\u2013Control Study of Microbiological Etiology Associated with Calf Diarrhea","volume":"166","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. 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