{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:01:45Z","timestamp":1785402105547,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas (FCM), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, MDC, Honduras, Central America","award":["2-03-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-03-01-01"]}]},{"award":["2-03-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-03-01-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xyve152","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies remains a fatal zoonotic disease of major public health and veterinary importance in Latin America. Although canine-mediated rabies has markedly declined in Colombia, sylvatic transmission persists in rural regions, and information on equine rabies in Putumayo is scarce. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, gross pathological, and surveillance characteristics of laboratory-confirmed equine rabies cases in Putumayo, southern Colombia, during 2024\u20132025. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using national surveillance data. Thirteen equids were identified during outbreak investigations. Five were classified as suspected cases, and all of them died; four were laboratory-confirmed. The remaining animals also died but were not reported to the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) for sample collection; however, they exhibited clinical signs consistent with rabies. Epidemiological and clinical variables, necropsy findings, and diagnostic timelines were analyzed. Laboratory confirmation was performed using direct immunofluorescence and histopathology. The four confirmed cases occurred in four separate outbreaks. All affected equines were unvaccinated and raised under extensive management systems. Progressive neurological deterioration led to 100% case fatality. Pathological findings consistently demonstrated central nervous system involvement. The median times from symptom onset to notification were 7.5 days, and from notification to laboratory diagnosis were 9.0 days. This study provides the first detailed characterization of equine rabies in Putumayo, consistent with sylvatic-origin rabies and highlighting gaps in preventive vaccination. Strengthening integrated surveillance and One Health strategies is essential to reduce the rabies burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16132020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Equine Rabies in Southern Colombia, 2024\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ivan Camilo","family":"Sanchez-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Katterine","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherin Lorena","family":"Solarte-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Producci\u00f3n y Salud Animal, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virologia, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Patricia","family":"Dallos-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Bogota 110931, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lysien I.","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15074, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Am\u00e9ricas-Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/OJVR.v91i1.2181","article-title":"Rabies in equids in Sudan","volume":"91","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. 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