{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1785418729407,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["BR231520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR231520"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32160817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160817"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To systematically investigate the metabolic and microbial differences in feed efficiency between Hereford \u00d7 Simmental (H \u00d7 S) crossbred and purebred Simmental cattle (S \u00d7 S), 20 steers (initial weight = 268.80 \u00b1 30.88 kg; initial age = 273.00 \u00b1 14.09 days) were used, which were housed in mixed pens and fed a low-energy diet (0.75 Mcal Neg\/kg DM). This study revealed that the level of Hypoglycin B was related to a reduced T3, which could affect growth performance. Metabolomics analysis identified Hypoglycin B, lysoPC, and DHAP as key discriminative metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these metabolites were primarily mapped to glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. In our study, the relative abundances of Succinivibrio and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_6 were significantly greater in the H \u00d7 S group than in the S \u00d7 S group; it may have stronger energy extraction abilities and matches their lower F\/G. Romboutsia was positively correlated with Hypoglycin B and negatively correlated with LysoPC (20:2 (11Z,14Z)\/0:0), which might be related to changes in blood metabolites. Nevertheless, these explanations remain correlational and require functional validation through targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16132068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:05:38Z","timestamp":1783325138000},"page":"2068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Feed-to-Gain Ratio Differences on Nutrient Metabolism in Simmental and Simmental \u00d7 Hereford Crossbred Cattle Fed a Low-Energy Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1992-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4377-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4849-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5105-0577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4953-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aorigele","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13426","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13426","article-title":"Correlations between circulating leptin concentrations and growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality indexes in finishing Simmental \u00d7 Luxi bulls fed high-concentrate diets","volume":"91","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. 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