{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:37Z","timestamp":1785417517768,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32522106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32522106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32522106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32522106"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saline\u2013alkaline aquaculture is a promising strategy to alleviate freshwater shortages; however, such environments severely impair fish growth and physiological homeostasis. Nutritional regulation has been proposed to improve stress tolerance, yet the benefits of single additives are often limited under the multifactorial challenges imposed by saline\u2013alkaline conditions. Therefore, a compound feed additive (CFA) consisting of glutamate, cholesterol, \u03b2-glucan, myo-inositol, zinc methionine, and curcumin was developed and evaluated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To assess the robustness and practical applicability of this nutritional strategy, three independent feeding trials were conducted using different commercial basal diets as validation systems. Within each dietary system, fish were reared under freshwater (FW), saline\u2013alkaline water (SAW), or saline\u2013alkaline water supplemented with CFA (SAW+CFA). Saline\u2013alkaline stress significantly reduced WG and SR, increased FCR, and elevated VSI and HSI, indicating impaired growth performance and metabolic burden. These changes were accompanied by increased serum glucose and ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl\u2212), elevated ammonia levels, and reduced crude protein content. Dietary CFA improved growth and feed utilization under saline\u2013alkaline conditions. It enhanced hepatic glycogen content and reduced serum glucose levels. Meanwhile, it downregulated glycolysis-related genes (hk, pfk1, pk) and upregulated genes involved in gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway (g6pase, pc, g6pdh), indicating altered glucose metabolism and improved energy homeostasis. Saline\u2013alkaline stress induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and histological damage in the liver, whereas CFA alleviated these alterations by reducing MDA levels, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, GSH-Px, T-SOD) and suppressing apoptosis-related genes (caspases, p53, c-myc). In addition, CFA alleviated saline\u2013alkaline stress-induced gill structural damage and reduced serum ion concentrations while modulating ion transport-related gene expression, suggesting improved osmoregulatory capacity. It also enhanced ammonia metabolism and transport, as reflected by reduced serum ammonia levels and altered expression of related genes. Furthermore, Saline\u2013alkaline stress impaired intestinal structure and function, whereas CFA improved intestinal villus structure, increased digestive enzyme activities (amylase, trypsin, lipase), and suppressed pro-inflammatory genes (il-1\u03b2, il-8). Importantly, similar beneficial response patterns were observed across the three independently analyzed dietary systems. Overall, CFA improved saline\u2013alkaline adaptability of Nile tilapia and was associated with improvements in energy metabolism, oxidative homeostasis, osmoregulation, ammonia detoxification, and intestinal function, providing a practical nutritional strategy for saline\u2013alkaline aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16132073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:05:38Z","timestamp":1783325138000},"page":"2073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Compound Feed Additive Improves Saline\u2013Alkaline Stress Tolerance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Through Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism, Osmoregulation, and Intestinal Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinquan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz012","article-title":"Aquaculture role in global food security with nutritional value: A review","volume":"3","author":"Pradeepkiran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-021-01246-9","article-title":"The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply","volume":"14","author":"Boyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24314-2","article-title":"Increasing freshwater supply to sustainably address global water security at scale","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00631-6","article-title":"The blue revolution: Sustainable water management for a thirsty world","volume":"6","author":"Onyena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-025-00424-z","article-title":"A review on the role of inland saline aquaculture in reclaiming saline wastelands","volume":"3","author":"Jahan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Agric."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossignoli, C.M., Obi, C., Ali, S.A., Ullah, N., Khalid, S., Hafeez, M., and Shah, S.M.H. (2023). Production system and challenges of saline aquaculture in Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. Front. Aquac., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/faquc.2023.1302571"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743598","article-title":"Acute saline-alkaline stress impairs liver function and alters oxidative-immune homeostasis in Hong Kong catfish (Clarias fuscus)","volume":"614","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Liu, Y., Wei, X., Geng, C., Liu, W., Han, L., Yuan, F., Wang, P., and Sun, Y. (2023). Effects of Saline-Alkaline Stress on Metabolome, Biochemical Parameters, and Histopathology in the Kidney of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus). Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020159"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01215-8","article-title":"Nutritional strategies for Nile tilapia: Protein and carbohydrate balances in saline-alkaline aquaculture","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemu, E., Ye, W., Hua, J., Djemaoun, L., Lu, S., Badran, M.F., Dong, Y., Aboueleila, R.H.M., Saleh, M.H.L., and Qiang, J. (2026). Ultrastructural, Osmoregulation, Physiological Metabolism, and Antioxidative Response of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Under Acute Alkaline Stress. Fishes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes11010026"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741675","article-title":"Growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbiota, and metabolomics analysis of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under carbonate alkalinity stress","volume":"595","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190032","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0224-20190032","article-title":"Water pH and hardness alter ATPases and oxidative stress in the gills and kidney of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)","volume":"17","author":"Copatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neotrop. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-025-02447-9","article-title":"Attenuation of salinity-induced stress and improvement of brackish water aquaculture of Labeo rohita through dietary interventions of multi-species probiotics","volume":"15","author":"Jamil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s44315-025-00040-y","article-title":"Amino acids as functional nutrients in stress mitigation of aquatic species: Mechanisms and applications in aquaculture","volume":"2","author":"Chuphal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blue Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"177","article-title":"Ion transport, osmoregulation, and acid-base balance","volume":"3","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500369","article-title":"Prospects of feed additive incorporation in laying hen diets: A narrative review of principal biological effects and recent developments","volume":"68","author":"Oketch","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa208","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa208","article-title":"The combination of nutraceuticals and functional feeds as additives modulates gut microbiota and blood markers associated with immune response and health in weanling piglets","volume":"98","author":"Talbot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2017.1401968","article-title":"Expression of genes related to antioxidant activity in Nile tilapia kept under salinity stress and fed diets containing different levels of vitamin C","volume":"81","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.12.006","article-title":"Taurine: A critical nutrient for future fish feeds","volume":"437","author":"Salze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-025-02035-3","article-title":"The role of natural products on the immune status of freshwater fish","volume":"33","author":"Awad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2025.100919","article-title":"A review on probiotics and dietary bioactives: Insights on metabolic well-being, gut microbiota, and inflammatory responses","volume":"6","author":"Mafe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2647","article-title":"Effects of Combined Dietary Additives with Commercial Feed on Broiler Production","volume":"13","author":"Nisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric.-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001572","article-title":"Glutamate-induced modulation in energy metabolism contributes to protection of rat cortical slices against ischemia-induced damage","volume":"32","author":"Gul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14617","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14617","article-title":"The role of glutamate and glutamine metabolism and related transporters in nerve cells","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700042200","article-title":"Intracellular organic osmolytes: Function and regulation","volume":"283","author":"Burg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, E., Borghetti, P., Passeri, B., Cavalli, V., Ferrari, L., Andrani, M., Martelli, P., and Saleri, R. (2024). Hyperosmotic Stress Induces the Expression of Organic Osmolyte Transporters in Porcine Intestinal Cells and Betaine Exerts a Protective Effect on the Barrier Function. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102391"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.062","article-title":"Feeding-regimen of \u03b2-glucan to enhance innate immunity and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Linn., against Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare","volume":"87","author":"Amphan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738861","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol enhances osmoregulation, antioxidant defenses and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei to alleviate the macromolecular damage induced by salinity stress","volume":"563","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y., Tang, H., Zhang, Z., Yang, T., Wu, B., Zhao, H., Liu, G., Chen, X., Tian, G., and Cai, J. (2022). Zinc Methionine Improves the Growth Performance of Meat Ducks by Enhancing the Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.774160"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Mohammed, D.M., Alkafaas, S.S., Ghosh, S., Negm, S.H., Salem, H.M., Fahmy, M.A., Mosa, W.F.A., and Ibrahim, E.H. (2025). Curcumin, an active component of turmeric: Biological activities, nutritional aspects, immunological, bioavailability, and human health benefits\u2014A comprehensive review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1603018"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"135","article-title":"Environmental and genetic factors shaping the global expansion of tilapia aquaculture","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.07.011","article-title":"Adaptation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to different levels of dietary carbohydrates: New insights from a long term nutritional study","volume":"496","author":"Boonanuntanasarn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741360","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with glutamate enhanced antioxidant capacity, ammonia detoxification and ion regulation ability in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to acute alkalinity stress","volume":"594","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Li, E., Xu, Z., Su, Y., Lu, M., Qin, J.G., Chen, L., and Wang, X. (2018). Growth and Stress Axis Responses to Dietary Cholesterol in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Brackish Water. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00254"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2022.09.002","article-title":"Myo-inositol supplement helps the performance of seawater-acclimated Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"9","author":"Foroutan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102838","article-title":"The inclusion of zinc amino acid complex in Nile tilapia diets can reduce the dietary crude protein content: Growth performance, carcass composition, nutrient retention, and hematobiochemical status","volume":"42","author":"Copatti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amer, S.A., El-Araby, D.A., Tartor, H., Farahat, M., Goda, N.I.A., Farag, M.F.M., Fahmy, E.M., Hassan, A.M., Abo El-Maati, M.F., and Osman, A. (2022). Long-Term Feeding with Curcumin Affects the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Status, Tissue Histoarchitecture, Immune Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Apoptosis Indicators in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050937"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737135","article-title":"Carbonate alkalinity and dietary protein levels affected growth performance, intestinal immune responses and intestinal microflora in Songpu mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio Songpu)","volume":"545","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162109","article-title":"Effects of saline-alkali stress on the tissue structure, antioxidation, immunocompetence and metabolomics of Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"871","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.04.006","article-title":"New insights into the influence of myo-inositol on carbohydrate metabolism during osmoregulation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0252-9","article-title":"Changes in plasma amino acid levels in a euryhaline fish exposed to different environmental salinities","volume":"38","author":"Costas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"198","article-title":"Effect of dietary L-glutamate levels on growth, digestive and absorptive capability, and intestinal physical barrier function in Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr. (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou Yi Xue Hui)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.02.007","article-title":"Role of miR-21 in alkalinity stress tolerance in tilapia","volume":"471","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100463","article-title":"Inland alkaline brackish water aquaculture of juvenile razor clam: Survival, growth, physiology and immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.737989","article-title":"Effects of acute salinity stress on osmoregulation, antioxidant capacity and physiological metabolism of female Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)","volume":"552","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516001732","article-title":"Glutamate ameliorates copper-induced oxidative injury by regulating antioxidant defences in fish intestine","volume":"116","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashry, A.M., Hassan, A.M., Habiba, M.M., El-Zayat, A., El-Sharnouby, M.E., Sewilam, H., and Dawood, M.A.O. (2021). The Impact of Dietary Curcumin on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Antibacterial Capacity, and Haemato-Biochemical Parameters of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061779"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738945","article-title":"Gill histological and transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the response of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) to alkalinity stress","volume":"563","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109487","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals the response mechanism to carbonate alkalinity toxicity in the gills of Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.037","article-title":"Sublethal ammonia exposure of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.): Effects on gill, liver and kidney histology","volume":"72","author":"Benli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-012-1200-9","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase from gills of four Antarctic fish: Insights into the evolution of fish carbonic anhydrase and cold adaptation","volume":"35","author":"Santovito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00061.2007","article-title":"Ammonia excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Evidence for Rh glycoprotein and H+-ATPase involvement","volume":"31","author":"Nawata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"100651","article-title":"Transcriptome changes for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to alkalinity stress","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinico-pathological findings and expression of inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and oxidative stress-related genes draw mechanistic insights in Nile tilapia reared under ammonia-N exposure and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge","volume":"127","author":"Shukry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Yuan, Y.R. (2011). Comparisons of the Digestive Enzyme Activities Between Wild and Cultivated Lateolabrax japonicus and Effects of Alkalinity on the Digestive Enzyme Activities of Lateolabrax japonicus Juveniles. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Ocean University of China]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741143","article-title":"Effects of saline and alkaline stresses on the survival, growth, and physiological responses in juvenile mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi)","volume":"591","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3109\/09537101003780032","article-title":"beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a blood platelet antioxidant","volume":"21","author":"Krolewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.09.035","article-title":"Glutamate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative damage and mRNA expression changes of tight junction and defensin proteins, inflammatory and apoptosis response signaling molecules in the intestine of fish","volume":"70","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2003","article-title":"The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste","volume":"85","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00047.2011","article-title":"Ion regulation in fish gills: Recent progress in the cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"301","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13138","article-title":"A feed is still only as good as its ingredients: An update on the nutritional research strategies for the optimal evaluation of ingredients for aquaculture feeds","volume":"26","author":"Glencross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-011-9480-6","article-title":"National Research Council (NRC): Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp","volume":"20","author":"Jobling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x","article-title":"Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: Effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal","volume":"41","author":"Hardy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/13\/2073\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:07:04Z","timestamp":1783400824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/13\/2073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16132073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16132073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]}}}