{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:20:20Z","timestamp":1783340420975,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dog parks are widely used recreational spaces for human\u2013dog interaction, yet there is little empirical data about how surface materials influence dogs\u2019 behavior and welfare. This study evaluated dogs\u2019 behavior on three surfaces commonly used in outdoor dog recreation areas. Ten dogs (N = 10) participated in ten structured play sessions in an experimental area with unrestricted access to all surfaces. The testing area consisted of a 12.2 m2 playground divided into nine plots of equal size. Each plot was randomly assigned a surface material (i.e., natural grass, stabilized grass, or artificial turf) in a 3 \u00d7 3 block design. Environmental and surface temperatures were recorded in each session. Dog behavior was recorded during a pre- and post-play period and measured using a 10 s scan sampling technique. In addition, surface characteristic measures were collected throughout the study to evaluate differences in their tolerance to weather conditions and usage. Artificial turf consistently reached a higher temperature (25.2 \u00b0C; 95% CI: 24.5\u201325.8 \u00b0C) than natural (19.4 \u00b0C; 95% CI: 18.7\u201320.1 \u00b0C) and stabilized (20.0 \u00b0C; 95% CI: 19.3\u201320.6 \u00b0C). In this study, the artificial turf reached temperatures as high as 63.8 \u00b0C while, under the same environmental conditions, the surface temperature of both natural turfgrass treatments remained below 40 \u00b0C. During the pre-play period, dogs showed more active than passive behaviors on the stabilized surface (35.03%; 95% CI: 30.58\u201339.80%) compared to the natural (27.86%; 95% CI: 23.94\u201332.10%) and artificial turf (23.31%; 95% CI: 19.81\u201327.20%). During the post-play period, activity levels decreased across all surfaces, while the occurrence of passive behaviors increased and was observed more frequently on the natural turfgrass surfaces (27.30% on stabilized and 15.52% on natural) than on artificial turf (2.41%). Artificial turf was less affected by dog traffic and seasonal changes; however, its surface was harder than both natural turfgrass treatments. The addition of the stabilizing grid failed to reduce soil compaction as anticipated. Overall, dogs spent more time on both natural turfgrass surfaces than artificial turf. However, a potential confounding effect of location could have influenced dog behavior. Nonetheless, our findings show that dog owners should be cautious when using artificial turf areas when environmental temperatures are above 25 \u00b0C when the turf temperature is above the safety threshold for burn injuries. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting surface materials for outdoor dog spaces to ensure dogs\u2019 safety and comfort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16132090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:43:11Z","timestamp":1783334591000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Dog Preference Between Artificial and Natural Turf Grasses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arieli D.","family":"Da Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canine Olfaction Research and Education Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canine Olfaction Research and Education Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1355-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar O.","family":"Aviles-Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canine Olfaction Research and Education Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2017.1343634","article-title":"Dog Park Users: An Examination of Perceived Social Capital and Perceived Neighborhood Social Cohesion","volume":"40","author":"Baur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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