{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:25:04Z","timestamp":1791228304328,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychological stress can affect female reproductive function through behavioral, endocrine, ovarian, and oxidative mechanisms. Antioxidant supplements have therefore attracted attention for their potential to mitigate stress-related reproductive alterations. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble quinone involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism and is widely used as a dietary supplement. However, whether CoQ10 modulates female reproductive responses to repeated psychological stress remains unclear. Although water avoidance stress (WAS) is a well-established psychogenic stress model, its effects on female reproductive outcomes are still not fully defined. In this study, we examined how repeated WAS affects female reproductive outcomes and whether CoQ10 modifies these effects. Twenty-eight regularly cycling female rats were assigned to sham control, WAS, CoQ10, or WAS + CoQ10 groups. WAS was applied for 1 h\/day for 10 days, and CoQ10 was administered orally at 100 mg\/kg\/day. Repeated WAS did not significantly alter sexual incentive motivation parameters, reproductive hormones, corticosterone, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), or mast cell count under the present experimental conditions (all p &gt; 0.05). However, WAS reduced male-directed active investigation time (p = 0.008) and male investigation preference ratio (p = 0.024), increased absolute ovarian and adrenal gland weights (p = 0.035 and p = 0.016, respectively), reduced primordial follicle number (p = 0.030), decreased germinative epithelium thickness (p = 0.017), lowered VEGF histoscore (p = 0.033) regardless of CoQ10 treatment, and reduced corpus luteum angiogenesis in animals not receiving CoQ10 (p = 0.030). CoQ10 reduced total investigation time toward the male (p = 0.032), male investigation preference ratio (p = 0.037), 17-\u03b2 estradiol (E2) (p = 0.003), testosterone (p = 0.021), and germinative epithelium thickness (p &lt; 0.001) regardless of WAS exposure. CoQ10 also decreased kisspeptin-1 levels under non-stressed conditions (p = 0.010), while increasing corpus luteum angiogenesis under stress conditions (p = 0.003). Overall, repeated WAS produced selective behavioral and ovarian alterations rather than broad reproductive dysfunction. CoQ10 was not associated with a broadly protective or uniformly beneficial profile in this model, and its endocrine, behavioral, and ovarian effects should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16132093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:43:11Z","timestamp":1783334591000},"page":"2093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Water Avoidance Stress as a Psychological Stress Model and Coenzyme Q10 on Reproductive, Endocrine, and Ovarian Responses in Adult Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5740-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Yardimci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugrul","family":"Ertugrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Gokdere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feyza","family":"Keskin Buyukbudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem Sedef","family":"Dogru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Tektemur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3061-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeliha Irem","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazife","family":"Ulker Ertugrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, 55080 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6834-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serife","family":"Tutuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Canpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35220 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, D., and Whirledge, S. 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