{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:03:59Z","timestamp":1783994639913,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010230","name":"Special Project for the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Qinghai Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-NK-130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-NK-130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and fermentation quality of feed fermented by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis as well as their effects on growth performance, meat quality, blood parameters, and gut microbiota in fattening pigs. A total of 72 healthy Duroc \u00d7 Landrace \u00d7 Large White crossbred barrows (68.78 \u00b1 1.41 kg, p &gt; 0.05 for initial body weight among groups) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments, with four replicates pens per treatment and six pigs per pen. The pigs were fed one of three diets: (1) CK: 100% basal diet; (2) YR1: 50% basal diet + 50% feed fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YR3.2; and (3) YR2: 50% basal diet + 50% feed fermented with Bacillus licheniformis YR3.1. The experiment consisted of a 7-day adaptation period and a 50-day treatment period. The results showed that the crude protein, starch, lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid contents were significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The final body weight of fattening pigs, serum superoxide dismutase activity, and redness value of the longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The carcass weight of the YR1 group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the shear force of pork was significantly lower in the treatment groups than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Microbial analysis showed that Firmicutes dominated the jejunum and cecum in all groups (&gt;80%). In the YR1 group, the abundance of Clostridium increased in the jejunum, whereas the abundance of Terrisporobacter decreased. In the YR2 group, the abundances of both Clostridium and Terrisporobacter increased in the jejunum and cecum. In conclusion, fermented feed prepared with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis has a positive effect on the growth performance of fattening pigs, but fermented feed prepared by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YR3.2 has a more significant effect on improving growth performance, feed conversion efficiency and some meat quality indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16142179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Bacillus\u00a0amyloliquefaciens- and Bacillus\u00a0licheniformis-Fermented Feeds on Performance, Meat Quality and Gut Microbiot of Fattening Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Weizhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongben","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Laboratory, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youli","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Laboratory, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejiang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Laboratory, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Laboratory, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Laboratory, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01260-3","article-title":"Silymarin as a Feed Additive in Swine and Poultry Production: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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