{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:11:01Z","timestamp":1785413461821,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES), Brazil","award":["88887.832740\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.832740\/2023-00"]}]},{"award":["88887.832740\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.832740\/2023-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tencol\u00f3gico","award":["307526\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307526\/2018-6"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tencol\u00f3gico","award":["315873\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315873\/2021-3"]}]},{"award":["307526\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307526\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["315873\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315873\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rational use of antimicrobials in aquaculture requires rigorous clinical safety assessments to ensure fish health and to minimize toxicological risks associated with drug administration. This study evaluated the clinical safety of orally administered antimicrobials incorporated into feed, representing different pharmacological classes, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three bioassays were conducted for sulfadimethoxine combined with ormetoprim (SDM\u2013OMP, 50, 100, and 200 mg\u00b7kg\u22121, at a fixed 5:1 SDM:OMP ratio), spiramycin (SPM, 40, 80, and 160 mg\u00b7kg\u22121), and phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium (PMP, 10, 20, and 40 mg\u00b7kg\u22121), including control and treated groups at different dose levels, followed by a drug-free recovery period. The assessment integrated hematological parameters, serum biochemical analyses, and histopathological evaluations of the liver, kidney, and spleen. Exposure to the antimicrobials resulted only in mild, transient, and reversible physiological alterations, with no evidence of clinically relevant toxicity or structural lesions in the analyzed organs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SDM\u2013OMP, SPM, and PMP exhibit a favorable clinical safety profile in Nile tilapia, even at doses up to four times the recommended therapeutic level, supporting their responsible use in aquaculture under controlled conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16142188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:12:53Z","timestamp":1784023973000},"page":"2188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Clinical Safety Assessment of Orally Administered Antimicrobials from Different Pharmacological Classes in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7722-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Carlino-Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana Luporini de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayumi Fernanda","family":"Aracati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Franchin","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lio Jos\u00e9","family":"Montassier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Ferraz","family":"Francisc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Descalvado 13690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"Pultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Descalvado 13690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine de Sousa","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Descalvado 13690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ives","family":"Charlie-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Descalvado 13690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Arthur Malta","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Descalvado 13690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio de Andrade","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Descalvado 13690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2024). 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