{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:06:13Z","timestamp":1784714773141,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Province Agricultural High-quality Development beyond \u201c5511\u201d Collaborative Innovation Project","award":["XTCXGC2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTCXGC2021008"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Public welfare Project","award":["2026R1025001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026R1025001"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Public welfare Project","award":["2025R1024005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R1024005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026J0011395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026J0011395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Frontier Exploration Program of the Collaborative Innovation Engineering Project","award":["XTCXQYTS202613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTCXQYTS202613"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orf virus (ORFV) is a major pathogen in goats and sheep, and control currently depends mainly on commercial live vaccines. Although mRNA vaccines have revolutionized human medicine, their use in veterinary settings is largely unexplored. In this study, an mRNA vaccine candidate encoding the ORFV F1L protein (F1L-mRNA-LNP) was developed via in vitro transcription and encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. BALB\/c mice were divided into five groups (n = 14 each): three receiving different doses of F1L-mRNA-LNP (5, 10, or 15 \u03bcg), one receiving a commercial live vaccine (CV), and a PBS control group. Mice were immunized intramuscularly and boosted after 14 days; immune responses were assessed 14 days later following ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines. Both the F1L-mRNA-LNP and CV vaccines induced specific antibodies versus PBS (p &lt; 0.01). The 10 \u03bcg mRNA group showed Th1 cytokine and CD8+ T cell responses comparable to CV (p &gt; 0.05), whereas IL-4 (Th2) was significantly higher in the CV group (p &lt; 0.05). Neutralizing antibody titers did not differ between groups, indicating that the mRNA vaccine induces comparable Th1 cellular immunity but weaker Th2 humoral immunity. Upon ORFV challenge, the 10 \u03bcg F1L-mRNA-LNP vaccine protected BALB\/c mice, as evidenced by stable body weight, no clinical symptoms, and reduced viral load, with efficacy comparable to CV (p &gt; 0.05). This study provides strong evidence supporting the optimization of ORFV mRNA vaccines and highlights the translational potential of the F1L-mRNA-LNP candidate vaccine for veterinary applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16142274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:20:39Z","timestamp":1784712039000},"page":"2274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An ORFV F1L mRNA Vaccine Candidate: Preparation, Immunogenicity, and Comparison with a Commercial Live Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxiu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kul Raj","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NAST Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), GPO Box:3323, Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.010","article-title":"Orf virus infection in sheep or goats","volume":"181","author":"Spyrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. 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