{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1784721748696,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory sound monitoring is a promising non-invasive tool for precision pig farming, but practical evidence from calibrated room-level deployment under degraded air-quality conditions remains limited. This study reports a 28-day exploratory room-level case study in which 52 growing pigs were housed in two rooms: one standard-ventilation room and one ventilation-restricted room, and monitored with one microphone per room emphasizing mixed room-level soundscape monitoring rather than individual pig cough counts or replicated treatment inference. Because the design lacked independent room-level replication, all room contrasts and p-values were interpreted as exploratory descriptive screening summaries rather than causal treatment effects. Airflow verification, playback calibration at multiple pen positions, and background-noise spectral analysis were performed to address measurement bias. Signal inspection showed that biologically relevant vocal energy was retained after 16 kHz resampling, while class imbalance was handled by inverse-frequency weighting and macro-F1-based model selection. The Audio Spectrogram Transformer (AST) pipeline was subjected to five-fold group-blocked cross-validation, and temporal validation. The model achieved a test macro-F1 of 0.937, five-fold macro-F1 of 0.928 \u00b1 0.019, and three-day deployment validation macro-F1 of 0.914. In this two-room dataset, the ventilation-restricted room displayed higher room-level cough-like detections, aggressive vocalizations, normal vocalizations, lower silence, reduced growth, and poorer air quality. Cough-like detections showed recurring clock-time clustering, with the most sustained elevation during 19:00\u201322:00 and a smaller peak around 10:00 with the highest occurrences at 20.00 (2.84 room-level cough-like detections standardized to group size). Audio-only early-warning analysis flagged deteriorated air-quality windows with AUROC = 0.91 and AUPRC = 0.88 and provided a median 34 min lead time before environmental threshold exceedance, highlighting practical utility as an early inspection cue for farmers before air-quality deterioration becomes more pronounced. Cough-like events descriptively co-varied positively with NH3, temperature, and CO2. Overall, calibrated AST-based monitoring can summarize group-level acoustic changes associated with degraded room environments, while multi-room and multi-farm replication remains necessary for causal inference and generalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16142275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1784717308000},"page":"2275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory Room-Level Acoustic Soundscape Monitoring of Cough-like Events Under Standard and Ventilation-Restricted Pig-Housing Conditions Using Audio Spectrogram Transformer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Sharifuzzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Gopalganj Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8105, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Seok","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5365-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Kamrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0344-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddiemar B.","family":"Lagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Rang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2693-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiven Mark B.","family":"Ampode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Environmental Sciences, Western Philippines University, Aborlan 5302, Palawan, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7466-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahsan","family":"Mehtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przyborowska, P., Lewko-Wojtowicz, R., Cybulski, P., Maes, D., and Tobolski, D. 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