{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:59:03Z","timestamp":1785412743593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD2400101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2400101"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-45-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45-07"]}]},{"award":["CARS-45-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45-07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project in Hubei Province","award":["2023BBA0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BBA0010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allopolyploidy can generate rapid phenotypic change, yet its early transcriptomic consequences in a newly generated triploid hybrid remain poorly understood in animals. Here, we establish a sterile triploid hybrid between grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and yellowcheek (Elopichthys bambusa), designated CCE, using an optimized hydrostatic pressure protocol that achieved 100% triploidy with high embryonic viability. Whole-genome resequencing supported an approximately 2:1 maternal-to-paternal genomic dosage. Transcriptomes from seven tissues revealed that maternal expression-level dominance (ELD-Ci) was the predominant expression-inheritance pattern (63.7\u201384.2%), consistent with a passive, dosage-dependent mode of regulation. Paternal expression-level dominance (ELD-Eb) was detected in all tissues but with marked tissue specificity: most ELD-Eb genes in the liver and muscle showed expression levels similar to those of the paternal yellowcheek parent before hybridization (96.2% and 72.8%, respectively), whereas the brain and hypothalamus contained more ELD-Eb genes not directly explained by parental differences. Finally, in the gut, CCE had shorter villi than both parents, a thicker muscularis layer than both parents, and fewer goblet cells than Eb. Genes related to digestion, absorption, and nutrient transport were more highly expressed in Eb and retained an Eb-like expression pattern in CCE. By contrast, several smooth muscle-related genes, including myh14 and smtnl1, showed non-additive upregulation beyond the parental range, in parallel with the thickened muscularis layer. Together, these findings provide new insights into how parental genome dosage and tissue-specific regulation shape gene expression divergence in newly formed animal allopolyploids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16152299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"2299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dosage-Associated Maternal Dominance and Tissue-Specific Paternal Expression in a Triploid Hybrid Between Grass Carp and Yellowcheek"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6360-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Yin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Fang","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0727-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1711","article-title":"The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid","volume":"6","author":"Comai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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