{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:58:14Z","timestamp":1785329894292,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS","award":["2024QT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QT02"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of CAFS","award":["2023TD56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD56"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frozen mysid shrimp is the core feed for commercial seahorse aquaculture, yet quality deterioration caused by long-term cold storage severely constrains the survival and reproductive performance of seahorses. By integrating targeted metabolomics, physicochemical spoilage indicators, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, this study multidimensionally analyzed the stage-specific mechanisms of nutritional degradation and microecological deterioration of mysid feed at \u221220 \u00b0C under fresh (0 months), short-term frozen (2 months), and long-term frozen (10 months) conditions. The results demonstrate that short-term storage (2 months) effectively suppresses microbial-induced spoilage of mysids; however, freeze\u2013thaw stress triggers cellular lysis, leading to a significant depletion of key water-soluble feeding-attractant amino acids, notably glycine and aspartate. In contrast, long-term frozen storage (10 months) induces severe lipid peroxidation and a massive accumulation of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). Microbiome analysis confirmed that the fundamental trigger for feed deterioration during the late storage stage is the explosive community succession of psychrotrophic specific spoilage organisms (SSOs), with Shewanella, Photobacterium, and Pseudoalteromonas emerging as the absolute dominant taxa. The highly active extracellular lipases and proteases secreted by these microbial communities extensively degrade the structural lipids of the feed, ultimately resulting in a paradoxical rebound in free fatty acid content during long-term storage. In summary, our research comprehensively details how freezing compromises diet quality through specific biological and chemical pathways. This establishes essential scientific groundwork aimed at refining commercial preservation techniques, executing precise dietary enrichments, and ultimately securing long-term viability across the captive Hippocampus breeding sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16152325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1785325514000},"page":"2325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Cellular Lysis to Microbial Explosion: Elucidating the Temporal Degradation and Spoilage Mechanisms of Frozen Mysid Shrimp as Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) Feed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9063-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China"},{"name":"College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanming","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, X., Zhao, X., Li, J., Li, Z., Ren, X., Zhao, Y., Fu, X., and Li, X. 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