{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:58:02Z","timestamp":1785560282806,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Superovulation and embryo transfer techniques are effective strategies for improving reproductive efficiency in sheep flocks. To characterize changes in plasma metabolites and reproductive hormones following HMG or FSH superovulatory treatment, and to screen for biomarkers closely associated with embryo quality, we employed liquid chromatography-based untargeted metabolomics and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to analyze plasma samples from donor ewes on day 6 after hormone administration. This study aimed to identify small-molecule biomarkers affecting embryo quality under different hormonal regimens. A total of 46 Kazakh ewes were allocated into two groups: the HMG group received HMG treatment, while the FSH group received FSH treatment; both groups were superovulated using a tapering dose regimen administered via intramuscular injection. Our results show that the average number of viable embryos in the HMG group (5.36 \u00b1 3.29, n = 11) was significantly higher than that in the FSH group (2.91 \u00b1 2.60, n = 35) (p &lt; 0.05). Plasma progesterone concentrations differed significantly between the two groups (p = 0.01). Metabolomic analysis identified three key differential metabolites: 5-fluorouridine, ADP, and hexadecanoic acid. Functional enrichment analysis revealed 45 significantly enriched metabolic pathways. In conclusion, HMG effectively improves sheep embryo quality by modulating the levels of small-molecule metabolites associated with embryonic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16152326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:09:42Z","timestamp":1785398982000},"page":"2326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of HMG on Superovulation Efficacy in Kazakh Sheep and Screening of Plasma Reproductive Hormones and Metabolic Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoyue","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7967-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4373-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinglong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(03)00166-0","article-title":"A history of farm animal embryo transfer and some associated techniques","volume":"79","author":"Betteridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H.M., Chang, H.M., and Leung, P.C.K. (2021). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100876"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14688","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14688","article-title":"Effect of pre-treatment with deslorelin on the ovarian response of ewes superovulated with FSH","volume":"59","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"127","article-title":"Manipulation of reproduction in sheep","volume":"45","author":"Haresign","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.024","article-title":"Intrinsic determinants and predictors of superovulatory yields in sheep: Circulating concentrations of reproductive hormones, ovarian status, and antral follicular blood flow","volume":"86","author":"Bartlewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"330","article-title":"Effects of seasonal changes on the ovulation rate and embryo quality in superovulated Black Suffolk ewes","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01551.x","article-title":"Multiple factors affecting superovulation in Poll Dorset in China","volume":"46","author":"Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01801-9","article-title":"Superovulatory response and embryo quality in Katahdin ewes treated with FSH or FSH plus eCG during non-breeding season","volume":"51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20210053","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2021-0053","article-title":"Ovarian responses and FSH profiles at superovulation with a single epidural administration of gonadotropin in the Thai-Holstein crossbreed","volume":"18","author":"Chumchai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.12.006","article-title":"Simplified superovulation protocols in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"126","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.10.019","article-title":"Repeated superovulation using a simplified FSH\/eCG treatment for in vivo embryo production in sheep","volume":"75","author":"Forcada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.07.024","article-title":"The long-term effect of active immunization against inhibin in goats","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9568417","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9568417","article-title":"Efficacy of Acupoint Application on In Vitro Fertilization Outcome in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A UHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomic Study","volume":"2022","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. eCAM"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00816","article-title":"Metabolomics Identifies a Panel of Diagnostic Biomarkers for Early Human Embryonic Development Arrest","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"5","article-title":"Recombinant follitropin alfa\/lutropin alfa in fertility treatment","volume":"4","author":"Gibreel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/iox078","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced changes in metabolome and proteome in ovine uterine flushings","volume":"97","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2.1.1","article-title":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays","volume":"110","author":"Hornbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1111-1_15","article-title":"Detection of Cytomegalovirus Interleukin 10 (cmvIL-10) by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)","volume":"2244","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00896.x","article-title":"Effect of exogenous GnRH at the time of artificial insemination on reproductive performance of Awassi ewes synchronized with progestagen-PMSG-PGF2alpha combination","volume":"43","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(02)00173-8","article-title":"How does the mitochondrial ADP\/ATP carrier distinguish transportable ATP and ADP from untransportable AMP and GTP?Dynamic modeling of the recognition\/translocation process in the major substrate binding region","volume":"1589","author":"Goto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, S.G., Hafen, P.S., and Brault, J.J. (2019). Increased Adenine Nucleotide Degradation in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010088"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pani, A.K., Jiao, Y., Sample, K.J., and Smeyne, R.J. (2014). Neurochemical measurement of adenosine in discrete brain regions of five strains of inbred mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092422"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.03.085","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulation of the hydration of adenosine phosphates","volume":"283","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.120931","article-title":"The adenosine salvage pathway as an alternative to mitochondrial production of ATP in maturing mammalian oocytes","volume":"91","author":"Scantland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.01.010","article-title":"Metabolic changes in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) during embryogenesis and hypoxia as determined by in vivo 31P NMR","volume":"140","author":"Pincetich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol. CBP"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.12.008","article-title":"Utilization of endogenous fatty acid stores for energy production in bovine preimplantation embryos","volume":"77","author":"Feil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs120","article-title":"The activation of DNA damage detection and repair responses in cleavage-stage rat embryos by a damaged paternal genome","volume":"127","author":"Grenier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-7864(02)00199-4","article-title":"Lethality in PARP-1\/Ku80 double mutant mice reveals physiological synergy during early embryogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Henrie","year":"2003","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1071\/RDv30n1Ab55","article-title":"55 The Role of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Porcine Cumulus\u2013Oocyte Complex During In Vitro Maturation and Embryonic Development","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240510212","article-title":"Temporally different poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation) signals are required for DNA replication and cell division in early embryos of sea urchins","volume":"51","author":"Imschenetzky","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"827","article-title":"Doxorubicin induces early embryo apoptosis by inhibiting poly(ADP ribose) polymerase","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2020.1781654","article-title":"Analytical method development and validation of anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil, and its metabolites in biological matrices: An updated review","volume":"43","author":"Semail","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2022.3","article-title":"Reproductive and developmental toxicities of 5-fluorouracil in model organisms and humans","volume":"24","author":"Naren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.7.1.61","article-title":"Effects of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and related halogenated pyrimidines on the sand-dollar embryo","volume":"7","author":"Karnofsky","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01116134","article-title":"Uridine sugar nucleotides modified in their nucleoside moieties and their effect on lipid-linked saccharide formation in vitro","volume":"6","author":"McDowell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90330-7","article-title":"Smug1 alleviates the reproductive toxicity of 5-FU through functioning in rRNA quality control","volume":"15","author":"Naren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"787","article-title":"In vitro study on intrathecal application of 5-fluoro-2\u2032-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) for meningeal dissemination of malignant tumor","volume":"26","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"NO Shinkei Geka. Neurol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.03.025","article-title":"Assessment of toxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of 5-fluorouracil in zebrafish (Danio rerio) two-generation study","volume":"77","author":"Csenki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2020-0070","article-title":"Time-course changes in 5-fluorouracil-induced neural progenitor cell damages in the developing rat brain","volume":"34","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"133","article-title":"5-fluorouracil-induced histopathological changes in the central nervous system of rat fetuses","volume":"24","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.02.006","article-title":"Anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil induces reproductive and developmental defects in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.02.002","article-title":"The reversible reproductive toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in mice","volume":"101","author":"Naren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-020-04217-7","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil disrupts ovarian preantral follicles in young C57BL6J mice","volume":"87","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1071\/RD20194","article-title":"Capacity of Trolox to improve the development and quality of metabolically compromised bovine oocytes and embryos invitro during different windows of development","volume":"33","author":"Smits","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40122-7","article-title":"Proteomic changes in oocytes after in vitro maturation in lipotoxic conditions are different from those in cumulus cells","volume":"9","author":"Marei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-21-0332","article-title":"A primary effect of palmitic acid on mouse oocytes is the disruption of the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0174","article-title":"Oocyte developmental failure in response to elevated nonesterified fatty acid concentrations: Mechanistic insights","volume":"145","author":"Leroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2021.106605","article-title":"Transcriptome and epigenome analysis of porcine embryos from non-esterified fatty acid-exposed oocytes","volume":"76","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0396-z","article-title":"The role of fatty acids on ICSI outcomes: A prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Mirabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2182292","article-title":"A focused report on progestogen hypersensitivity","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyser, S., van der Horst, G., and Maree, L. (2021). Progesterone, Myo-Inositol, Dopamine and Prolactin Present in Follicular Fluid Have Differential Effects on Sperm Motility Subpopulations. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111250"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02786-z","article-title":"Premature progesterone elevation during the early and mid-follicular phases in fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles is associated with lower live birth, clinical pregnancy, and implantation rates","volume":"40","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Cui, Y., Shi, H., Bu, Z., Wang, F., Sun, B., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Effects of trigger-day progesterone in the preimplantation genetic testing cycle on the embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes of the subsequent first frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.990971"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01258-0","article-title":"The Ratio of Serum Progesterone (P4) to the Number of Follicles (P4\/follicle) is a More Objective Parameter for Euploidy Rate as Compared to Systemic Progesterone Levels","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, J., Kwon, H., Choi, D., Park, C., Kim, J., Shin, J., Kim, J., Kang, Y.J., and Koo, H. (2022). Effects of Elevated Progesterone Levels on the Day of hCG on the Quality of Oocyte and Embryo. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154319"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02682-y","article-title":"Delayed blastocyst development is influenced by the level of progesterone on the day of trigger","volume":"40","author":"Villanacci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.01.024","article-title":"Effects of endogenous progesterone during ovarian follicle superstimulation on embryo quality and quantity in beef cows","volume":"129","author":"Wiley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-024-01551-9","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity of follicular fluid: Insights into its composition, function, and clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-6-1078","article-title":"The importance of luteinizing hormone in the control of inhibin and progesterone secretion by the human corpus luteum","volume":"68","author":"McLachlan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25182","article-title":"Modulating Intrafollicular Hormonal Milieu in Controlled Ovarian Stimulation: Insights From PPAR Expression in Human Granulosa Cells","volume":"231","author":"Tatone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021953","article-title":"Nonsupplemented luteal phase characteristics after the administration of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin, recombinant luteinizing hormone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to induce final oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilization patients after ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH antagonist cotreatment","volume":"88","author":"Beckers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:15:42Z","timestamp":1785557742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16152326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16152326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}