{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:59:03Z","timestamp":1785560343036,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023YFD2400600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}]},{"award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continued rise in fishmeal prices and the scarcity of fishery resources have led to an increase in the use of plant-based protein sources in compound feed, making mold contamination in compound feed a frequent occurrence. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in aquaculture feed can seriously harm fish growth and liver health; it is extremely toxic, posing an even greater risk to carnivorous fish such as grouper. Lycopene, a natural carotenoid, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory physiological functions and may act as a functional feed additive to mitigate damage induced by mycotoxins. This study utilized hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u2640 \u00d7 E. lanceolatus \u2642) as the experimental model. An 8-week feeding trial was performed to systematically assess the impact of lycopene supplementation at levels of 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg\/kg to a basal diet containing 800 \u03bcg\/kg AFB1 on the fish\u2019s growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver health, inflammation-related gene expression, and hepatic transcriptome. The results showed that adding 200 mg\/kg lycopene to the feed significantly increased the FWB and SGR (p &lt; 0.05) of hybrid grouper. An appropriate amount of lycopene could enhance the antioxidant capacity of serum and liver, significantly increase the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and significantly decrease serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity while increasing albumin (ALB) levels (p &lt; 0.05). An amount of 200 mg\/kg lycopene significantly alleviated AFB1-induced hepatocyte vacuolation, steatosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration, while the protective effect of higher doses was weakened. The gene expression results showed that 200 mg\/kg lycopene significantly upregulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes such as cat, sod, and nrf-2, and increased the expression level of the anti-inflammatory factor il10 (p &lt; 0.05). The transcriptome analysis identified a total of 621 differentially expressed genes, which were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, fatty acid metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, redox process, ferroptosis, NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. In summary, the addition of 200 mg\/kg lycopene to the feed can effectively alleviate the growth inhibition and liver damage caused by AFB1 in hybrid grouper. Its mechanism of action may be related to enhancing antioxidant defenses, improving liver tissue structure, regulating lipid metabolism, and maintaining immune homeostasis. The research results indicate that lycopene can be used as a natural functional feed additive to alleviate AFB1 toxicity in hybrid grouper aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16152330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:32:13Z","timestamp":1785403933000},"page":"2330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Lycopene on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Liver Health of Hybrid Groupers (\u2640 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u00d7 \u2642 E. lanceolatus) Under the Influence of Aflatoxin B1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Accurate Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feeding of Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Accurate Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feeding of Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Accurate Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feeding of Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Accurate Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feeding of Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Accurate Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feeding of Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13455","article-title":"Glucose Transporters in Pearl Gentian Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u2640 \u00d7 E. lanceolatus \u2642): Molecular Cloning, Characterization, Tissue Distribution and Their Expressions in Response to Dietary Carbohydrate Level","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2021.100682","article-title":"Temperature Physiology in Grouper (Epinephelinae: Serranidae) Aquaculture: A Brief Review","volume":"20","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.08.002","article-title":"Effects of Aflatoxin B1 on Subacute Exposure of Hybrid Groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u2640 \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus \u2642): Growth, Liver Histology, and Integrated Liver Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015","article-title":"Global Overview on the Use of Fish Meal and Fish Oil in Industrially Compounded Aquafeeds: Trends and Future Prospects","volume":"285","author":"Tacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber-Dorninger, C., Mueller, A., and Rosen, R. (2025). Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Aquaculture Feed: A Global Survey. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030116"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.26023","article-title":"Mycotoxins Occurrence in Food Commodities, Their Associated Hazards and Control Strategies","volume":"73","author":"Akbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00096-7","article-title":"High Concentrations of Aflatoxin in Ugandan Grains Sparks Public Health Concern","volume":"24","author":"Gourd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutasi, K., Recek, N., Zaplotnik, R., Mozetic, M., Krajnc, M., Gselman, P., and Primc, G. (2021). Approaches to Inactivating Aflatoxins-A Review and Challenges. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413322"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0021","DOI":"10.1079\/cabionehealth.2025.0021","article-title":"From Feed to Food\u2014Understanding the Impact of Aflatoxins Consumption by Pakistani Livestock","volume":"4","author":"Umar","year":"2025","journal-title":"CABI One Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.2017803","article-title":"Lycopene Alleviates Aflatoxin B1 Induced Liver Damage through Inhibiting Cytochrome 450 Isozymes and Improving Detoxification and Antioxidant Systems in Broiler Chickens","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101441","article-title":"Protective Effects of Lycopene on Mitochondrial Oxidative Injury and Dysfunction in the Liver of Aflatoxin B1-Exposed Broilers","volume":"100","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12550","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 Impairs Mitochondrial Functions, Activates ROS Generation, Induces Apoptosis and Involves Nrf2 Signal Pathway in Primary Broiler Hepatocytes","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.08.022","article-title":"Mycotoxins and Their Consequences in Aquaculture: A Review","volume":"451","author":"Anater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.04.008","article-title":"Toxicity, Biochemical Effects and Residue of Aflatoxin B1 in Marine Water-Reared Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)","volume":"47","author":"Khalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920254","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3920254","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Aflatoxin B1 on Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u2640 \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus \u2642) Growth, Intestinal Health, and Muscle Quality","volume":"2024","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153983","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1-Induced Hepatotoxicity through Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation as Central Pathological Mechanisms: A Review of Experimental Evidence","volume":"509","author":"Moloi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112737","article-title":"Lycopene Attenuates Zearalenone-Induced Oxidative Damage of Piglet Sertoli Cells through the Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Related Factor 2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"225","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02802-3","article-title":"Supplementing Lycopene Combined with Corn Improves Circulating IgG Concentration in Pregnant Ewes and Their Lambs","volume":"53","author":"Fallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114846","article-title":"Lycopene Ameliorates Aflatoxin B1-Induced Testicular Lesion by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage with Nrf2 Activation in Mice","volume":"256","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8547","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01638A","article-title":"Lycopene Alleviates Sulfamethoxazole-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Via suppression of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Song, Z., Ye, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Xiao, L., Bian, C., Ma, Q., Wei, Y., and Liang, M. (2026). Dietary Lysophospholipids Enhance the Function of Lutein Rather than Lycopene in Pacific White Shrimp. Fishes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes11050285"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-010-9418-3","article-title":"Effects of Cadmium on Some Haematological and Biochemical Characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dietary Supplemented with Tomato Paste and Vitamin E","volume":"37","author":"Mekkawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101779","article-title":"Negative Effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the Diet on Growth Performance, Protein and Lipid Metabolism, and Liver Health of Juvenile Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u2640 \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus \u2642)","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/85.5.1187","article-title":"AOAC INTERNATIONAL Methods Committee Guidelines for Validation of Qualitative and Quantitative Food Microbiological Official Methods of Analysis","volume":"85","author":"Feldsine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70373","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70373","article-title":"Lycopene Modulates Glycerophospholipid Metabolism and Promotes N-Acylethanolamine Production to Alleviate Obesity","volume":"90","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Tang, S., Peng, X., Sharma, G., Yin, S., Hao, Z., Li, J., Shen, J., and Dai, C. (2024). Lycopene as a Therapeutic Agent against Aflatoxin B1-Related Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040452"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11206","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2234025","article-title":"Effect of Carotenoids on Gut Health and Inflammatory Status: A Systematic Review of in Vivo Animal Studies","volume":"64","author":"Meneguelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.04.007","article-title":"Lycopene Improves Activation of Antioxidant System and Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway of Muscle in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Different Stocking Densities","volume":"430","author":"Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741084","article-title":"Effectiveness of Lycopene Dietary Enrichment for Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Blood Health, Immunity, and Antioxidant Status of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Chronic Glyphosate Toxicity","volume":"590","author":"Tahir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2019.108573","article-title":"Endosulfan Toxicity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the Use of Lycopene as an Ameliorative Agent","volume":"224","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A., Perez de la Lastra, J.M., Plou, F.J., and Perez-Lebena, E. (2021). The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as Pleiotropic Physiological Signalling Agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9613090","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9613090","article-title":"Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Nandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4","article-title":"Several Lines of Antioxidant Defense against Oxidative Stress: Antioxidant Enzymes, Nanomaterials with Multiple Enzyme-Mimicking Activities, and Low-Molecular-Weight Antioxidants","volume":"98","author":"Jomova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wu, H., Zhu, Y., Cui, H., Yang, J., Lu, M., Cheng, H., Gu, L., Xu, T., and Xu, L. (2022). Effect of Lycopene on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, and Expression of Gene in the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway of Arbor Acres Broilers. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.833346"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.14.0887","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Lycopene Supplementation on Plasma Lipid Profile, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense System in Feedlot Bamei Lamb","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, R.F., Hamed, M., and Sayed, A.E.-D.H. (2023). Lycopene Supplementation: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Sex Hormones, Gonads and Thyroid Tissue in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus during Harness\u00ae Exposure. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1237159"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.10.009","article-title":"The Effect of Lycopene on Antioxidant Status in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Reared under High Stocking Density","volume":"418\u2013419","author":"Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan, Y., Wu, D., Zhang, Q., Yu, Z., Yu, J., and Zhou, D. (2024). Elevated ALT\/AST Ratio as a Marker for NAFLD Risk and Severity: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Analysis in the United States. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1457598"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinnappan, R., Mir, T.A., Alsalameh, S., Makhzoum, T., Alzhrani, A., Al-Kattan, K., and Yaqinuddin, A. (2023). Low-Cost Point-of-Care Monitoring of ALT and AST Is Promising for Faster Decision Making and Diagnosis of Acute Liver Injury. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182967"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinnappan, R., Mir, T.A., Alsalameh, S., Makhzoum, T., Adeeb, S., Al-Kattan, K., and Yaqinuddin, A. (2023). Aptasensors Are Conjectured as Promising ALT and AST Diagnostic Tools for the Early Diagnosis of Acute Liver Injury. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061273"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2012.698009","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon with Compressed Lifespan\u2014A Model for Addressing Aging","volume":"46","author":"Almroth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02430-3","article-title":"Human Albumin Infusion for the Management of Liver Cirrhosis and Its Complications: An Overview of Major Findings from Meta-Analyses","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2024.03.001","article-title":"Toxin-Induced Liver Injury and Extracorporeal Treatment of Liver Failure","volume":"31","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Kidney Dis. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1401_047075","article-title":"Histological Biomarkers in Fish as a Tool in Ecological Risk Assessment and Monitoring Programs: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Yancheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.05.009","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of CAT and SOD Activity Change under MPA-CdTe Quantum Dots Induced Oxidative Stress in the Mouse Primary Hepatocytes","volume":"220","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 in Oxidative Stress and Toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, J., and Secombes, C. (2016). The Function of Fish Cytokines. Biology, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology5020023"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, D., Lee, A.-H., Shin, H.-Y., Song, H.-R., Park, J.-H., Kang, T.-B., Lee, S.-R., and Yang, S.-H. (2021). The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in Autoimmune Disease and Current TNF-\u03b1 Inhibitors in Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac040","article-title":"The Clinical, Molecular, and Therapeutic Features of Patients with IL10\/IL10R Deficiency: A Systematic Review","volume":"208","author":"Sharifinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022236","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022236","article-title":"Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-\u03b2: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection","volume":"9","author":"Sanjabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(89)90467-0","article-title":"Lycopene as the Most Efficient Biological Carotenoid Singlet Oxygen Quencher","volume":"274","author":"Kaiser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulawik, A., Cielecka-Piontek, J., and Zalewski, P. (2023). The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0690.v1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102367","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Lycopene Supplementation on Growth, Antioxidant and Immunity of Juvenile Hybrid Grouper (\u2640 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u00d7 \u2642 E. lanceolatus) Fed with High Lipid Diets","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102940","article-title":"Lycopene Alleviates High Carbohydrate Diet Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Black Seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii): Potential for Nutritional Intervention","volume":"43","author":"Zhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heun, F., Niebuhr, T., Gutierrez Bautista, A., Wiedmann, F., Verhaar, N., K\u00e4stner, S., Feige, K., and Schmidt, C. (2023). Treatment of a Paroxysmal Atrioventricular Block by Implantation of a Bipolar, Single-Chamber Cardiac Pacemaker in a Donkey. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172724"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-17","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Ligands: Nutritional and Clinical Implications\u2014A Review","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103857","article-title":"Lycopene Prevents Lipid Accumulation in Hepatocytes by Stimulating PPAR\u03b1 and Improving Mitochondrial Function","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:28:43Z","timestamp":1785558523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16152330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16152330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}