{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:44:52Z","timestamp":1785757492277,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In humans, surgical repair is commonly performed for infective endocarditis (IE) associated with mitral valve destruction. However, extensive valve destruction may make repair impossible and require prosthetic valve replacement. In small-breed dogs, appropriately sized prosthetic valves are lacking, and complete surgical mitral valve reconstruction in dogs has not been reported. We encountered a Chihuahua that developed IE after mitral valve repair. During reoperation for progressive mitral regurgitation recurrence, the mitral leaflets were extensively destroyed and torn, and re-repair using native tissue was impossible; the entire valve was therefore reconstructed with fresh autologous pericardium. A graft was harvested and fashioned into a cylindrical valve based on a design previously described in a human study. Intraoperative saline testing and immediate postoperative echocardiography confirmed adequate opening and closure of the reconstructed pericardial valve, with only mild mitral regurgitation and no stenosis. The dog died on the second day after reoperative day of an uncontrolled infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. This case demonstrates that an autologous pericardial valve can provide short-term mechanical function as a mitral valve in a small-breed dog and indicates that infection control is the principal determinant of outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16152387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:24:07Z","timestamp":1785752647000},"page":"2387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complete Mitral Valve Reconstruction Using Fresh Autologous Pericardium in a Chihuahua with Infective Endocarditis: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4240-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriko","family":"Isayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uenonomori Animal Hospital, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Tokyo Animal Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Uchimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uenonomori Animal Hospital, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uenonomori Animal Hospital, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Tokyo Animal Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uenonomori Animal Hospital, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uenonomori Animal Hospital, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Animal Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3274-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Animal Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yanaka 1-5-11 B1F, Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.02.001","article-title":"Pathology of myxomatous mitral valve disease in the dog","volume":"14","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.03.008","article-title":"Canine degenerative myxomatous mitral valve disease: Natural history, clinical presentation and therapy","volume":"40","author":"Borgarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70171","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70171","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of mitral valve repair with artificial chordae and annuloplasty for myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Kurogochi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16380","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic factors in infective endocarditis in dogs: 113 cases (2005\u20132020)","volume":"36","author":"Reagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad193","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis","volume":"44","author":"Delgado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.102156","article-title":"Mid-Term Experience With 1,196 Ozaki Procedures","volume":"4","author":"Ozaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2025.05.004","article-title":"Open atrial septal defect repair in a dog using fresh autologous pericardium","volume":"60","author":"Sutherland","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.02.004","article-title":"Fresh autologous pericardial patch for surgical repair of mitral valve leaflet degeneration in a dog","volume":"65","author":"Isayama","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isayama, N., Mizuno, T., Suzuki, S., Sasaki, K., Maeda, E., and Uchimura, Y. (2024). Surgical technique for mitral valve repair in dogs using a novel method to anchor artificial chordae tendineae with emphasis on key intraoperative decision points. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1444742"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atssr.2023.08.005","article-title":"A novel template and cylinder bioprosthetic atrioventricular valve: An ex vivo study","volume":"1","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg. Short Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2021.09.015","article-title":"Auto-pericardial mitral valve implantation: A pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Manohar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.05.045","article-title":"Long-term performance of fresh autologous pericardium for mitral valve leaflet repair","volume":"109","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2025.05.007","article-title":"Application of stentless mitral valve to surgery in infective endocarditis: Partial Normo valve repair","volume":"32","author":"Uchimuro","year":"2025","journal-title":"JTCVS Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00377-4","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis and generalized lymphadenopathy associated with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli endocarditis: A rare case report","volume":"10","author":"Saboe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.03.011","article-title":"Plasma cytokine levels in dogs undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"101","author":"Mizuno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)01099-5","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass induced inflammation: Pathophysiology and treatment. An update","volume":"21","author":"Paparella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2019.10.05","article-title":"Current AATS guidelines on surgical treatment of infective endocarditis","volume":"8","author":"Pettersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:53:39Z","timestamp":1785754419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16152387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16152387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}