{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:27:25Z","timestamp":1786116445365,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Group PAIDI AGR-256"},{"name":"the C\u00f3rdoba University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05yc77b46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stray cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria, representing a potential public health concern within a One Health framework. This study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), multidrug resistance (MDR), and virulence-associated traits in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from free-living cat colonies in southern Spain. A total of 169 rectal swabs were collected from cats belonging to feline colonies and shelters in Benalm\u00e1dena (M\u00e1laga, Spain). Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using selective culture media, conventional biochemical tests, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against 15 antimicrobial agents, and isolates were screened for selected virulence-associated genes associated with major diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. A total of 68 E. coli isolates (40.2%) were recovered. The highest resistance frequencies were observed for sulfamethoxazole (25.0%) and ampicillin (20.6%), whereas all isolates showed high susceptibility rates to most of the antimicrobials tested, including azithromycin (100%), as well as gentamicin, amikacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, colistin, chloramphenicol and tigecycline (98.5%). Six isolates (8.8%) were classified as multidrug-resistant. In addition, six isolates (8.8%) were identified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC), although none exhibited a multidrug resistance phenotype. These findings demonstrate the presence of both AMR and virulence-associated traits among commensal E. coli circulating in free-living cats. The inclusion of feline colonies or shelters in AMR surveillance programmes may contribute valuable information for integrated One Health monitoring strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16152435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T09:46:38Z","timestamp":1786009598000},"page":"2435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Selected Virulence-Associated Genes Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Free-Living Cats from Southern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4570-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f3mez-Gasc\u00f3n","family":"Lidia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva, Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romero-Salmoral","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huerta Lorenzo","family":"Bel\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva, Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gal\u00e1n-Rela\u00f1o","family":"\u00c1ngela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Farmacolog\u00eda y Fisioterapia, \u00c1rea de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9962-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco-Fuertes","family":"Ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6611-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mena-Rodr\u00edguez","family":"M\u00aa \u00c1ngeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molina Guill\u00e9n","family":"Eva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario F\u00e9nix, 29639 Benalmadena, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael J.","family":"Astorga M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva, Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marco-Fuertes, A., Marin, C., Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L., Vega, S., and Montoro-Dasi, L. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance in Companion Animals: A New Challenge for the One Health Approach in the European Union. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9050208"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Union (2021). Commission Regulation (EU) 2021\/578 of 29 January 2021 Supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards Requirements for the Collection of Data on the Volume of Sales and on the Use of Antimicrobial Medicinal Products in Animals, European Union."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mader, R., Mu\u00f1oz Madero, C., Aasm\u00e4e, B., Bour\u00e9ly, C., Broens, E.M., Busani, L., Callens, B., Collineau, L., Crespo-Robledo, P., and Damborg, P. (2022). Review and Analysis of National Monitoring Systems for Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Bacterial Pathogens in Europe: A Basis for the Development of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network in Veterinary Medicine (EARS-Vet). Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.838490"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.P. (2017). Why Antibiotic Use Data in Animals Needs to Be Collected and How This Can Be Facilitated. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00213"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS) (2025). Plan Estrat\u00e9gico 2025\u20132027 Del Plan Nacional Frente a La Resistencia a Los Antibi\u00f3ticos (PRAN)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Fern\u00e1ndez, R., Dur\u00e1n, I., Molina-L\u00f3pez, R.A., and Darwich, L. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated From Cats and Dogs From the Iberian Peninsula. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.621597"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Fari\u00f1as Guerrero, F., and Astorga M\u00e1rquez, R.J. (2019). Zoonosis Transmitidas Por Animales de Compa\u00f1\u00eda. Una Gu\u00eda de Consulta Para El Profesional Sanitario, Amazing Books."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02294.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Enteric Zoonotic Agents in Cats Less than 1 Year Old in Central New York State","volume":"15","author":"Scarlett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.4.120","article-title":"Salmonellosis in Cats in the United Kingdom: 1955 to 2007","volume":"164","author":"Philbey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.05.013","article-title":"Zoonotic Parasites of Sheltered and Stray Dogs in the Era of the Global Economic and Political Crisis","volume":"33","author":"Otranto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05553-8","article-title":"Vector-Borne and Other Pathogens of Potential Relevance Disseminated by Relocated Cats","volume":"15","author":"Maggi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01522.x","article-title":"Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free-Roaming Cats","volume":"60","author":"Gerhold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.01.009","article-title":"Implications of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Parasites to Free-Roaming Cats in Central Spain","volume":"251","author":"Montoya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Zoonotic Pathogens in Domestic and Feral Cats in Shanghai, with Special Reference to Salmonella","volume":"2","author":"Halim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Care Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belete, M.A., Demlie, T.B., Chekole, W.S., and Tessema, T.S. (2022). Molecular Identification of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli Pathotypes and Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns among Diarrheic Children and in Contact Calves in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275229"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00403-17","article-title":"Association of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli with Diarrhea and Related Mortality in Kittens","volume":"55","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01190.x","article-title":"Domestic Cats Constitute a Natural Reservoir of Human Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli Types","volume":"56","author":"Morato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01664.x","article-title":"An Overview of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli","volume":"297","author":"Hernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100236","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Producing-Escherichia Coli in Dogs and Cats\u2014A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Benavides","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2020.1870175","article-title":"Factors Influencing Stress and Fear-Related Behaviour of Cats during Veterinary Examinations","volume":"20","author":"Tateo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101792","article-title":"Salmonella Enterica Subsp. Enterica Serotypes Isolated for the First Time in Feral Cats: The Impact on Public Health","volume":"84","author":"Rosario","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.026","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli in Stray Cats from Northern Italy","volume":"116","author":"Ratti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargano, V., Gambino, D., Orefice, T., Cirincione, R., Castelli, G., Bruno, F., Interrante, P., Pizzo, M., Spada, E., and Proverbio, D. (2022). Can Stray Cats Be Reservoirs of Antimicrobial Resistance?. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9110631"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.60","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections in Companion Animals in Spain","volume":"188","author":"Darwich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marco-Fuertes, A., Jord\u00e1, J., Marin, C., Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L., Montoro-Dasi, L., and Vega, S. (2023). Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Strains to Last Resort Human Antibiotics Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals in Valencia Region. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111638"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6664557","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6664557","article-title":"Pet and Stray Dogs as Reservoirs of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia Coli","volume":"2021","author":"Marchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2023). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [33rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2022, February 06). Categorisation of Antibiotics Used in Animals Promotes Responsible Use to Protect Public and Animal Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/categorisation-antibiotics-used-animals-promotes-responsible-use-protect-public-animal-health."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024). WHO\u2019s List of Medically Important Antimicrobials: A Risk Management Tool for Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance Due to Non-Human Use, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42423-3","article-title":"Azithromycin Resistance Levels and Mechanisms in Escherichia coli","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing of Escherichia Coli to Identify High-Risk Sources of Fecal Contamination of Foods","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, A., Cunha, E., Baptista, L., Tavares, L., and Oliveira, M. (2023). ESBL-Positive Enterobacteriaceae from Dogs of Santiago and Boa Vista Islands, Cape Verde: A Public Health Concern. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030447"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Costa, R.C., Cunha, F.G., Abreu, R., Pereira, G., Geraldes, C., Cunha, E., Chambel, L., and Oliveira, M. (2025). Insights into Molecular Profiles, Resistance Patterns, and Virulence Traits of Staphylococci from Companion Dogs in Angola. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071043"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (2023). Espa\u00f1a Ley 7\/2023, de 28 de Marzo, de Protecci\u00f3n de Los Derechos y El Bienestar de Los Animales."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2024, October 01). European Food Safety Authority Monitoring AMR in Escherichia Coli. Available online: https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/788684f1e7cd48f09238101536577dc4."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S354884","article-title":"Gut Commensal Escherichia Coli, a High-Risk Reservoir of Transferable Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Traits","volume":"15","author":"Tawfick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratti, G., Facchin, A., Stranieri, A., Giordano, A., Paltrinieri, S., Scarpa, P., Maragno, D., Gazzonis, A., Penati, M., and Luzzago, C. (2023). Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-\/AmpC-Producing Escherichia Coli in Pet and Stray Cats. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081249"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.007","article-title":"Detection of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Dogs and Cats in Brazil","volume":"166","author":"Medeiros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Lv, Y., Adam, F.E.A., Xie, Q., Wang, B., Bai, X., Wang, X., Shan, H., Wang, X., and Liu, H. (2021). Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, Phylogroups, and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Intensive Farming and Free-Range Sheep. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.699927"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezatofighi, S.E., Najafifar, A., Askari Badouei, M., Peighambari, S.M., and Soltani, M. (2021). An Integrated Perspective on Virulence-Associated Genes (VAGs), Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), and Phylogenetic Clusters of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Avian Escherichia Coli. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.758124"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.3.1.18382","article-title":"Association between Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Escherichia coli","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.54203\/scil.2024.wvj44","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance in Stray Cats of The North Surabaya Region, East Java, Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Wibisono","year":"2024","journal-title":"World\u2019s Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, B.Y., Ali, M.S., Kwon, D.H., Heo, Y.E., Hwang, Y.J., Kim, J.I., Lee, Y.J., Yoon, S.S., Moon, D.C., and Lim, S.K. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia Coli Isolated from Healthy Dogs and Cats in South Korea, 2020\u20132022. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010027"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1472","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1472","article-title":"Isolation of Multi-Drug-Resistant Strains of Escherichia Coli from Faecal Samples of Dogs and Cats from Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"10","author":"Matope","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62037-8","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Phenotypes of Genetically Diverse Escherichia Coli Isolates from Healthy Domestic Cats","volume":"14","author":"Landires","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0211322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02113-22","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study of Companion Animal-Derived Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli in Hangzhou, China","volume":"11","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01417-0","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Multi-Drug and Extreme Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli in Companion Animals in Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.11.006","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated from Veterinary Staff, Pets, and Pet Owners in Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Buranasinsup","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408205","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/408205","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance in Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Infections in Dogs and Cats in Poland (2007\u20132013)","volume":"2015","author":"Rzewuska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2113947119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113947119","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Pollution of the World\u2019s Rivers","volume":"119","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122208","article-title":"Integrative Genome-Centric Metagenomics for Surface Water Surveillance: Elucidating Microbiomes, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Their Associations","volume":"264","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.11.047","article-title":"Contamination Profiles and Mass Loadings of Macrolide Antibiotics and Illicit Drugs from a Small Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"75","author":"Loganathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Ji, X., Liang, B., Jiang, B., Li, Y., Yuan, T., Zhu, L., Liu, J., Guo, X., and Sun, Y. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevalence of Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli from Dogs and Cats in Northeastern China from 2012 to 2021. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111506"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nittayasut, N., Yindee, J., Boonkham, P., Yata, T., Suanpairintr, N., and Chanchaithong, P. (2021). Multiple and High-Risk Clones of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant and Bla NDM-5-Harbouring Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli from Cats and Dogs in Thailand. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111374"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T10:09:04Z","timestamp":1786010944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/15\/2435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16152435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16152435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]}}}