{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:01:01Z","timestamp":1786122061059,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University, Thailand","award":["PD2568-03-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD2568-03-23"]}]},{"award":["PD2568-03-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD2568-03-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cq4gr50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated L. casei TH14 (TH14) and two levels of hydrolysable tannin (HT; sweet chestnut, Castanea sativa) as corn ensiling additives, hypothesising that their combination would improve fermentation quality and reduce in vitro CH4. Whole-plant corn was ensiled for 21 days in a completely randomised design (seven treatments, four replicates) combining Molasses, TH14, and HT at 20 or 40 g\/kg DM. Silage pH was significantly affected by treatment (p &lt; 0.01), with T4 reaching the lowest final pH (3.83), whereas the primary nutrients (DM, OM, CP, and NDF) were unchanged (p &gt; 0.05). Hydrolysable tannin reduced ruminal NH3-N at 24 h (11.12 vs. 13.06 mg\/dL; p &lt; 0.05) and, at 40 g\/kg DM, lowered CH4 by 50.0% at 24 h (2.45 vs. 4.90 mL\/g DM; p &lt; 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by a higher propionate proportion and a lower acetate-to-propionate ratio (p &lt; 0.01). Independent of tannin, TH14 reduced CH4 by 12.7% (p &lt; 0.05). Digestibility was transiently reduced at 24 h but unaffected at 48 h (p &gt; 0.05). Corn silage with HT at 40 g\/kg DM, alone or combined with TH14, is a promising strategy to mitigate CH4 without impairing nutrient digestibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1786089696000},"page":"2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactobacillus casei TH14 and Hydrolysable Tannin as Corn Silage Additives Modify In Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Reduce Methane Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rittikeard","family":"Prachumchai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8719-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusorn","family":"Cherdthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2925","article-title":"Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector","volume":"6","author":"Herrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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