{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:01:08Z","timestamp":1786122068452,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF-168\/2568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-168\/2568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FF-168\/2568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-168\/2568"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-weaning diarrhea caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli is a significant economic challenge in global swine production. Rising antimicrobial resistance linked to traditional antibiotics necessitates safe, sustainable alternatives. This study isolated and characterized host-associated Bacillus species from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy pigs to evaluate their probiotic potential. Fifty-nine Bacillus isolates were screened for safety, gastrointestinal tract survivability, mucosal adhesion, and antimicrobial efficacy. Several isolates demonstrated robust tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal stress (acidic pH and bile salts), non-hemolytic profiles, and strong mucosal adhesion. Multiple isolates displayed inhibitory activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro. The most promising candidate, Bacillus subtilis 1BP1Co1, underwent Nanopore whole-genome sequencing. Genomic profiling confirmed its safety, revealing a complete absence of known virulence factors and high-risk antimicrobial resistance genes. Furthermore, genome annotation identified multiple biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including surfactin, fengycin, bacillaene, and subtilosin A, which mechanistically supports its pathogen-inhibitory properties. Collectively, these findings highlight indigenous Bacillus strains, particularly Bacillus subtilis 1BP1Co1, as promising probiotic candidates with the potential to be developed to mitigate Escherichia coli-associated enteric disorders in swine production systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1786089696000},"page":"2449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic and Genomic Analysis of Swine-Derived Bacillus subtilis 1BP1Co1 as a Functional Probiotic Candidate to Mitigate Escherichia coli-Associated Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0263-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumpa","family":"Jutakanoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8502-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warunya","family":"Chakritbudsabong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wongsakorn","family":"Phongsopitanun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuttichai","family":"Mhuantong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5912-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jirasin","family":"Koonthongkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Unit in Bioconversion\/Bioseperation for Value-Added Chemical Production, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noppadon","family":"Siangpro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Region 3 Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songkran","family":"Chuakrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasitorn","family":"Rungarunlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.968-978.2005","article-title":"Screening for Bacillus isolates in the broiler gastrointestinal tract","volume":"71","author":"Barbosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. 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