{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:03:04Z","timestamp":1786122184847,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qinghai Province Key Research and Transformation Program","award":["2025-QY-201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-QY-201"]}]},{"name":"Modern Beef Yak Industry Technology System","award":["MATS-Beef Cattle System, CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MATS-Beef Cattle System, CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Talent Program","award":["2026RCXM096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026RCXM096"]}]},{"name":"The Project for Collecting and Evaluating Sample Data of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Gansu","award":["GSZYTC-ZX-26048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSZYTC-ZX-26048"]}]},{"name":"2025 Qinghai Province \u201cKunlun Talent\u00b7Leading Scientific and Technological Talent\u201d Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Average daily gain (ADG) is a core quantitative trait determining the economic benefits of Ashidan yak, a polled new breed adapted to cold barn feeding on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Unraveling its complex genetic architecture is crucial for early molecular breeding selection. In this study, high-depth whole-genome resequencing (WGS) data from 474 Ashidan yaks were used to conduct combined evaluation of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS). During GWAS analysis, sex and measurement batch were included as fixed effects, while birth weight and principal components (PC1\u2013PC3) were incorporated as covariates. Multi-model association analysis using GLM, MLM, and FarmCPU was performed on 3.36 million LD-pruned SNPs. The genomic inflation factors (\u03bb \u2248 1.0) for MLM and FarmCPU confirmed effective elimination of population stratification. A total of 11 genome-wide significant SNP loci and 7 key candidate genes including PDE10A, RAD51B, BCAS3 and KCNH8 were identified via the FarmCPU model. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these gene clusters are significantly involved in cAMP signaling pathway, regulation of ion channel activity, as well as extracellular matrix remodeling of blood vessels and skeletal muscle cells. For genomic selection, a single-trait GBLUP model was constructed using 22.87 million high-density raw SNPs to fully capture polygenic minor effects. Moderately high narrow-sense genomic heritability of ADG was estimated at h2 = 0.3233 (p &lt; 0.05). The average independent prediction accuracy across the 10-fold cross-validation reached an average of R = 0.14 \u00b1 0.07. To evaluate marker prioritized genomic evaluation without data leakage, a strict 10-fold cross-validation scheme was implemented, where the top 1% high-priority variant set (~228,000 SNPs) was screened independently within each training fold. The resulting unbiased prediction accuracy reached R = 0.1328 \u00b1 0.1566 (with an average RMSE of 0.3793 \u00b1 0.0066 and a regression slope of 0.4183 \u00b1 0.5055). Comparing this with the unselected whole-genome baseline (R = 0.14 \u00b1 0.07) indicates that naive marker selection based solely on GBLUP effect size in small reference cohorts is influenced by sampling variance, highlighting the need to integrate multi-omics functional annotations for future custom breeding array development. This study provides quantitative insights into the polygenic architecture of ADG in yaks, offering baseline data for genomic selection and custom array development for indigenous livestock on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:14:28Z","timestamp":1786094068000},"page":"2452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection for Average Daily Gain in Ashidan Yak"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0032-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Province Yak Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Xining 810100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwu","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Province Yak Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Xining 810100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfu","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2838-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenwen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baicheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Province Yak Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Xining 810100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongkang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Province Yak Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Xining 810100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunnian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 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