{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:28:20Z","timestamp":1786426100412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Information","award":["TED2021-129272B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-129272B-C21"]}]},{"award":["TED2021-129272B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-129272B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant INVEST\/2022\/434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant INVEST\/2022\/434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant CIGRIS\/2021\/109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant CIGRIS\/2021\/109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["grant INVEST\/2022\/434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant INVEST\/2022\/434"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0097mvx21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["grant CIGRIS\/2021\/109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant CIGRIS\/2021\/109"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0097mvx21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of establishing a population of the green microalgae Chlorella sp. on different key aspects of a biofloc culture of Penaeus vannamei in comparison with those obtained with a commercial probiotic. The aspects evaluated were shrimp zootechnical performance, nutritional composition of biofloc and microbial populations of shrimp intestinal microbiota and biofloc. Four treatments were tested: two of them included Chlorella sp. alone (M) or in combination to a bacterial probiotic (MP), while the other two included only the probiotic (P) or none of them (C). The presence of Chlorella sp. enhanced protein and phosphorus bioavailability in the biofloc and contributed to nutrient bioremediation within the system. However, shrimp growth performance and survival were significantly reduced, likely due to greater and more prolonged nitrate exposure following microalgae inoculation. Although overall nitrate and phosphate concentrations were higher in microalgae treatment, their accumulation over the experimental period was lower in the presence of Chlorella sp. In addition, microalgal supplementation reduced the abundance of bacterial groups associated with oligotrophic lifestyles, complex organic matter degradation, and nitrogen cycling in the intestinal microbiota. In contrast, probiotic supplementation increased protein content in shrimp and phosphorus bioavailability in the biofloc, while zootechnical performance remained comparable to the control and was higher than in microalgae treatments. Furthermore, probiotic addition reduced the abundance of Flavobacteriaceae, a bacterial family proposed as a bioindicator of White Feces Syndrome (WFS) in P. vannamei.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"2469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined and Individual Effects of Chlorella sp. and Bacterial Probiotics in Biofloc Systems for White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8839-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Cascales-Martos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Brol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9824-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Tom\u00e1s-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Jover-Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. J.","family":"Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology Research Centre (CIAMBITAL), Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. S.","family":"Pe\u00f1aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12412","article-title":"Biofloc Technology as a Promising Tool to Improve Aquaculture Production","volume":"12","author":"Khanjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Avnimelech, Y. (2012). Biofloc Technology\u2014A Practical Guide Book, World Aquaculture Society. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6052","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15466","article-title":"Evaluation of Chlorella sp. and Ankistrodesmus sp. Addition on Biofloc System Performance in Giant Prawn Culture","volume":"52","author":"Angela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2012.00607.x","article-title":"Effects of Biofloc Reduction on Microbial Dynamics in Minimal-Exchange, Superintensive Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Culture Systems","volume":"43","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61328-4","article-title":"Influence of Stocking Density on the Growth, Immune and Physiological Responses, and Cultivation Environment of White-Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Biofloc Systems","volume":"14","author":"Said","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.05.038","article-title":"Effects of Stocking Density of the White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) on Immunities, Antioxidant Status, and Resistance against Vibrio harveyi in a Biofloc System","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.05.003","article-title":"Overview of the Latest Developments in the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Symbiotic in Shrimp Aquaculture","volume":"114","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"28","article-title":"Probiotics Used in Biofloc System for Fish and Crustacean Culture: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Kathia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza, B., Zheng, Z., Zhu, J., and Yang, W. (2024). A Review: Microbes and Their Effect on Growth Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (White Leg Shrimps) during Culture in Biofloc Technology System. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12051013"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12058","article-title":"Microbial-Based Systems for Aquaculture of Fish and Shrimp: An Updated Review","volume":"7","author":"Emerenciano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3856\/vol45-issue1-fulltext-16","article-title":"Bioremediation and Biocontrol of Commercial Probiotic in Marine Shrimp Culture with Biofloc","volume":"45","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.07.036","article-title":"Efficacy and Variations in Bacterial Density in the Gut of Litopenaeus vannamei Reared in a BFT System and in Clear Water Supplemented with a Commercial Probiotic Mixture","volume":"480","author":"Hostins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.11.008","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Digestive Tract of Wild Shrimp on Growth and Survival of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Challenged with Vibrio harveyi","volume":"32","author":"Kongnum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"926","article-title":"The Effects of Dietary Probiotic Bacilli (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, Body Composition and Immune Parameters of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Postlarvae","volume":"49","author":"Madani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.06.006","article-title":"Microbial Biofloc as Source of Probiotic Bacteria for the Culture of Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"448","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menaga, M., Rajasulochana, P., Felix, S., Sudarshan, S., Kapoor, A., Gandla, K., Saleh, M.M., Ibrahim, A.E., and El Deeb, S. (2023). Evaluation of Biofloc-Based Probiotic Isolates on Growth Performance and Physiological Responses in Litopenaeus vannamei. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15163010"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12869","article-title":"Microalgae as Feed Sources and Feed Additives for Sustainable Aquaculture: Prospects and Challenges","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meenakshisundaram, M., Mboya, J.B., Sugantham, F., Panigrahi, A., Gamba, J.L., Subramanian, S., Chia, S.Y., Beesigamukama, D., Munguti, J., and Ogello, E. (2025). Synergistic Microbial Interactions Between Algae and Bacteria Augment Growth and Immune Performance in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquac. J., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/aquacj5030012"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103345","article-title":"The Use, Application and Efficacy of Biofloc Technology (BFT) in Shrimp Aquaculture Industry: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12024","article-title":"Significance of Microalgal-Bacterial Interactions for Aquaculture","volume":"6","author":"Natrah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoonnart, P., Purton, S., and Saksmerprome, V. (2018). Applications of Microalgal Biotechnology for Disease Control in Aquaculture. Biology, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology7020024"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.51200\/bjomsa.v4i1.2301","article-title":"Advances in the Use of Photoheterotrophic, Mixotrophic and Multi-Trophic Systems in Marine Shrimp Farming","volume":"4","author":"Galvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Borneo J. Mar. Sci. Aquac. (BJoMSA)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/10_2014_286","article-title":"Biology and Industrial Applications of Chlorella: Advances and Prospects","volume":"153","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microalgae Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.04.007","article-title":"Morphology, Composition, Production, Processing and Applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Safi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2026.103695","article-title":"Biofloc Characterization after Achieving a Stable Population of Chlorella sp. for Penaeus vannamei Culture (Bonne, 1931)","volume":"49","author":"Brol","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.09.021","article-title":"Autotrophic Biofloc Technology System (ABFT) Using Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus Positively Affects Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"27","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738057","article-title":"Enhancing Effect of Platymonas Addition on Water Quality, Microbial Community Diversity and Shrimp Performance in Biofloc-Based Tanks for Penaeus vannamei Nursery","volume":"554","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01298-y","article-title":"Protective Effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Immunity, Histopathology, and Disease Resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific White Shrimp","volume":"32","author":"Eissa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on Immuno-Related Factors and Their Expression in Penaeus vannamei","volume":"71","author":"Qingman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Isr. J. Aquac.-Bamidgeh"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01618-w","article-title":"Water Quality in Biofloc Technology (BFT): An Applied Review for an Evolving Aquaculture","volume":"32","author":"Khanjani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.012","article-title":"Quality Evaluation of Farmed Whiteleg Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Treated with Different Slaughter Processing by Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"151","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15265","article-title":"Probiotics in the Rearing of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) in a Biofloc System","volume":"52","author":"Frozza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"318","article-title":"A Global Review of Shrimp Feed Management: Status and Perspectives","volume":"2001","author":"Jory","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquac. 2001 Book Abstr."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Stevenson, J.C., Watson, J., Reinhart, J.M., and CooK, D.G. (1972). A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Koroleff, F., and Grasshoff, K. (1976). Methods of Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.2000.0319","article-title":"A Rapid, Simple Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite","volume":"5","author":"Miranda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019","article-title":"Engineering Analysis of the Stoichiometry of Photoautotrophic, Autotrophic, and Heterotrophic Removal of Ammonia\u2013Nitrogen in Aquaculture Systems","volume":"257","author":"Ebeling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Stein, J.R. (1973). Pigment Analysis. Handbook of Phycological Methods, Culture Methods and Growth Measurements, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"89","article-title":"A Rapid Method for the Determination of Total Phosphorus in Marine Particulate Material by Acid Digestion and Spectrophotometric Analysis","volume":"275\u2013276","author":"Engelen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00649-4","article-title":"Protein Requirement for Maintenance and Maximum Weight Gain for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"204","author":"Kureshy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"National Research Council (2011). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"De Silva, S.S., and Anderson, T.A. (1995). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1139\/o59-074","article-title":"Evaluation of Protein in Foods: A Method for the Determination of Protein Efficiency Ratios","volume":"37","author":"Chapman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(83)81926-2","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Assay Using O-Phthaldialdehyde for Determination of Proteolysis in Milk and Isolated Milk Proteins","volume":"66","author":"Church","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Brouwer, E. (1965). Report of Sub-Committee on Constants and Factors. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01229-x","article-title":"Chlorella in Aquaculture: Challenges, Opportunities, and Disease Prevention for Sustainable Development","volume":"32","author":"Aly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00750-1","article-title":"Improvement of Biofloc Quality and Growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Biofloc Systems by Chlorella Addition","volume":"29","author":"Ekasari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102799","article-title":"Growth Promotion of Chlorella by Symbiotic Bacteria under Adverse Environments","volume":"66","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0186-1","article-title":"The Interactions between Chlorella vulgaris and Algal Symbiotic Bacteria under Photoautotrophic and Photoheterotrophic Conditions","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.05.014","article-title":"Efficiency Assessment and PH Effect in Removing Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Algae-Bacteria Combined System of Chlorella vulgaris and Bacillus licheniformis","volume":"92","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"33","article-title":"Presencia y Abundancia de Fitoplancton y Zooplancton en un Sistema de Producci\u00f3n de Biofloc Utilizando dos Aportes de Carbono: 1) Melaza y 2) Melaza + Pulido de Arroz Cultivando al Pez Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Digit. Dep. Hombre Su Ambiente"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2016.04.006","article-title":"Effect of Microalgae with Semicontinuous Harvesting on Water Quality and Zootechnical Performance of White Shrimp Reared in the Zero Water Exchange System","volume":"72","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2021.100916","article-title":"Effect of Adding Microalgae to Whiteleg Shrimp Culture on Water Quality, Shrimp Development and Yield","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734675","article-title":"Nitrate Accumulation in Biofloc Aquaculture Systems","volume":"520","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13235","article-title":"Effect of the Addition of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Navicula sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Diatoms) on Phytoplankton Composition and Growth of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) Postlarvae Reared in a Biofloc System","volume":"48","author":"Marinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736895","article-title":"Response of the Rearing Water Bacterial Community to the Beneficial Microalga Nannochloropsis oculata Cocultured with Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"542","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14371","article-title":"Short-Term Effect of the Inoculation of Probiotics in Mature Bioflocs: Water Quality Parameters and Abundance of Heterotrophic and Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-92902015000800001","article-title":"Bioavailability of Crude Protein and Lipid from Biofloc Meals Produced in an Activated Sludge System for White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"44","author":"Neto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Roy, S., Behera, B.K., Swain, H.S., and Das, B.K. (2021). Biofloc Microbiome with Bioremediation and Health Benefits. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.741164"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improvement of Nutritional Quality of Live Feed for Aquaculture: An Overview","volume":"51","author":"AkbarAli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajomiwe, N., Boland, M., Phongthai, S., Bagiyal, M., Singh, J., and Kaur, L. (2024). Protein Nutrition: Understanding Structure, Digestibility, and Bioavailability for Optimal Health. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111771"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02235-9","article-title":"Application of in Vitro Protein Solubility for Selection of Microalgae Biomass as Protein Ingredient in Animal and Aquafeed","volume":"32","author":"Chugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2026.103528","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Biofloc-Derived Probiotics on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation in Penaeus vannamei","volume":"48","author":"Faramudhita","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5114\/bta.2016.64547","article-title":"Phosphate-Induced Changes in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Chlorella sp. KS-MA2 Strain","volume":"97","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioTechnologia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12320","article-title":"Applications of Microalga Chlorella vulgaris in Aquaculture","volume":"12","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2002.0411","article-title":"Development of a Biological Process for Livestock Wastewater Treatment Using a Technique for Predominant Outgrowth of Bacillus Species","volume":"45","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100503","article-title":"The Use of Bacillus Species in Maintenance of Water Quality in Aquaculture: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Hlordzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.06.022","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus and Calcium\/Phosphorus Ratio on the Growth and Tissue Mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei Reared in Low-Salinity Water","volume":"251","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8810430","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8810430","article-title":"Inorganic Phosphorus Supplementation in Diets for Farmed Shrimp: Performance and Digestibility of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Monosodium Phosphate, Monoammonium Phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate, and Monocalcium Phosphate","volume":"2024","author":"Coelho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00782-24","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00782-24","article-title":"Genome-Centric Metagenomics Provides Insights into the Core Microbial Community and Functional Profiles of Biofloc Aquaculture","volume":"9","author":"Rajeev","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62183-9","article-title":"Microbial Community Profiling of Ammonia and Nitrite Oxidizing Bacterial Enrichments from Brackishwater Ecosystems for Mitigating Nitrogen Species","volume":"10","author":"Baskaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhao, Y., Marotta, F., Xamxidin, M., Li, H., Xu, J., Hu, B., and Wu, M. (2024). The Microbial Community Structure and Nitrogen Cycle of High-Altitude Pristine Saline Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1424368"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Shi, X., Zhao, S., Sun, B., Liu, Y., Li, W., Yu, H., Tian, Z., Guo, X., and Shi, Y. (2023). Characterizing Free-Living and Particle-Attached Bacterial Communities of a Shallow Lake on the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau, China. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15050836"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, C., Xiang, J., Cai, H., Ke, J., Ni, H., Zhu, J., Zheng, Z., Lu, K., and Yang, W. (2024). Microalgae Inoculation Significantly Shapes the Structure, Alters the Assembly Process, and Enhances the Stability of Bacterial Communities in Shrimp-Rearing Water. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13010054"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.11.041","article-title":"Ammonia-Oxidizing Microbial Communities in Reactors with Efficient Nitrification at Low-Dissolved Oxygen","volume":"70","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03303-z","article-title":"Predation Capacity of Bradymonabacteria, a Recently Discovered Group in the Order Bradymonadales, Isolated from Marine Sediments","volume":"204","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.29303\/jp.v15i5.1946","article-title":"Influence of Carbon Source Complexity on Prokaryotic Community Composition in Biofloc System: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Vinasyiam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Perikan. Unram"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12522","article-title":"Does Biofloc Improve the Energy Distribution and Final Muscle Quality of Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1883)?","volume":"50","author":"Maldonado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12994","article-title":"Rearing of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei in a Biofloc System: The Effects of Different Food Sources and Salinity Levels","volume":"26","author":"Khanjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"332","article-title":"Effects of Biofloc Promotion on Water Quality, Growth, Biomass Yield and Heterotrophic Community in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) Experimental Intensive Culture","volume":"14","author":"Voltolina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12292","article-title":"Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Bioactive Compound Production of Biofloc, Immune Response, Antioxidant Level, and Growth Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in Zero-Water Exchange Culture Tanks","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13000","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.13000","article-title":"The Transformative Role of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Microbiomes in Biofloc Systems for Sustainable Aquaculture: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"17","author":"Ramasubburayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.12944\/CARJ.5.1.11","article-title":"Exogenous Probiotics on Biofloc Based Aquaculture: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Daniel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Agric. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/10454438.2014.965575","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotics in a Litopenaeus vannamei Biofloc Culture System Infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"26","author":"Krummenauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107650","article-title":"Current and Novel Approaches to Downstream Processing of Microalgae: A Review","volume":"45","author":"Nitsos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Lavens, P., and Sorgeloos, P. (1996). Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture, FAO."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.102046","article-title":"Harvesting of Microalgae by Centrifugation for Biodiesel Production: A Review","volume":"51","author":"Najjar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740862","article-title":"Determination of Acute Toxicity and Evaluation of the Chronic Effect of Nitrate on Compensatory Growth of Litopenaeus vannamei Reared in a Biofloc Technology System","volume":"587","author":"Prates","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.05.002","article-title":"Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate to Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles in Low-Salinity Water in Single and Ternary Exposure Experiments and Their Environmental Implications","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180439","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20180439","article-title":"Acute Toxicity of Nitrate in Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles at Low Salinity Levels","volume":"49","author":"Neto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734674","article-title":"Exposure of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) Post-Larvae to Different Nitrate Concentrations: Effect on Performance and Welfare","volume":"520","author":"Dutra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.04.010","article-title":"Microalgae Harvesting Techniques: A Review","volume":"217","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.831487","article-title":"Addressing the Challenges for Sustainable Production of Algal Biofuels: II. Harvesting and Conversion to Biofuels","volume":"34","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.09.037","article-title":"Harvesting Techniques Applied to Microalgae: A Review","volume":"41","author":"Barros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Fu, Z., Shen, Z., Zhang, R., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., and Xu, Q. (2023). Rapid Production Biofloc by Inoculating Chlorella pyrenoidosa in a Separate Way. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15030536"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"35","article-title":"Investigation of Probiotic\u2019s Effect on Efficacy of Biofloc in Shrimp Farming","volume":"8","author":"Aliasgari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Mark. Commer."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12628","article-title":"Changes in the Intestinal Bacterial Community during the Growth of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2018.1440530","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Its Modulation for Healthy Farming of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/2301_671686","article-title":"Microbial Community Structure and Its Driving Factors in the Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Aquaculture System","volume":"23","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739946","article-title":"Comparative Microbiota Characterization Unveiled a Contrasting Pattern of Floc-Associated versus Free-Living Bacterial Communities in Biofloc Aquaculture","volume":"577","author":"Rajeev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738398","article-title":"Survival Status of Penaeus vannamei Is Associated with the Homeostasis and Assembly Process of the Intestinal Bacterial Community","volume":"558","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3986","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3986","article-title":"Composition, Diversity and Function of Intestinal Microbiota in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at Different Culture Stages","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsman, A., St-Pierre, B., Rosales-Leija, M., Brown, M., and Gibbons, W. (2019). Impact of Aquaculture Practices on Intestinal Bacterial Profiles of Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7040093"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10413-z","article-title":"Comparative Genomic Analysis of Planctomycetota Potential for Polysaccharide Degradation Identifies Biotechnologically Relevant Microbes","volume":"25","author":"Klimek","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.02.075","article-title":"Characteristics of Intestinal Microbiota in the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Differing Growth Performances in the Marine Cultured Environment","volume":"505","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Gu, S., Wang, L., Shi, W., Jiang, Q., and Wan, X. (2024). Dynamic Changes of Environment and Gut Microbial Community of Litopenaeus vannamei in Greenhouse Farming and Potential Mechanism of Gut Microbial Community Construction. Fishes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9050155"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12412","article-title":"Influence of Different Dietary Carbohydrate Sources on the Growth and Intestinal Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei at Low Salinity","volume":"23","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.12.055","article-title":"Addition of Commercial Probiotic in a Biofloc Shrimp Farm of Litopenaeus vannamei during the Nursery Phase: Effect on Bacterial Diversity Using Massive Sequencing 16S RRNA","volume":"502","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurgel, S.N., Nadeem, M., and Cheema, M. (2022). Microbial Consortium Associated with Crustacean Shells Composting. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051033"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.103110","article-title":"Effectiveness Evaluation of Five Probiotics on Shrimp and Water Environment","volume":"45","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13919","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial Community Compositions of the Shrimp Intestine, Surrounding Water and Sediment","volume":"125","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Song, W., Tan, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, H., Shi, L., and Zhang, S. (2023). The Effects of Dietary Protein Level on the Growth Performance, Body Composition, Intestinal Digestion and Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Chlorella sorokiniana as the Main Protein Source. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182881"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12494","article-title":"Use of Biofloc Technology in Shrimp Aquaculture: A Comprehensive Review, with Emphasis on the Last Decade","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2403.03039","article-title":"Unveiling the Bacterial Community across the Stomach, Hepatopancreas, Anterior Intestine, and Posterior Intestine of Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp","volume":"34","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16511","article-title":"Host Habitat Shapes the Core Gut Bacteria of Decapod Crustaceans: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Foysal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s42995-021-00124-9","article-title":"Contrasting Patterns of Bacterial Communities in the Rearing Water and Gut of Penaeus vannamei in Response to Exogenous Glucose Addition","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13213-3","article-title":"The Intestine Microbiota of Shrimp and Its Impact on Cultivation","volume":"108","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:41:35Z","timestamp":1786423295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16162469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16162469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]}}}