{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:30:24Z","timestamp":1786357824548,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) represent an important ecological and road-safety problem, yet the influence of short-term meteorological variability on their occurrence remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the associations between temperature extremes, abrupt temperature changes, and broader hydro-meteorological conditions and reported WVC frequency in Serbia over a 10-year period (2016\u20132025). A municipality-day dataset comprising 6281 police-reported WVCs was analyzed using an event-based methodology. Exploratory analyses were complemented by Poisson regression models to evaluate prolonged temperature episodes, abrupt temperature shocks, and broader hydro-meteorological conditions, while additional regional analyses examined the consistency of the observed associations across Serbia. The results demonstrated pronounced seasonal variation, with the highest reported WVC frequencies occurring during spring and late autumn. At the national level, prolonged cold episodes were associated with significantly lower reported WVC frequencies during their onset and middle phases, whereas heat episodes showed no significant associations. Abrupt cool-down shocks were associated with a short-term increase in reported WVC frequency on the day of the temperature decrease, while warm-up shocks showed no significant effects. Moderate and heavy precipitation, snow-day conditions, and prolonged dry spells were associated with reduced reported WVC frequency, whereas daily mean temperature and atmospheric pressure were not independently associated with reported WVC frequency. Regional analyses generally supported the national findings, although no regional associations remained statistically significant after false discovery rate correction. These findings demonstrate that short-term meteorological variability is associated with reported WVC frequency in a temporally dependent manner and highlight the importance of considering both environmental events and regional variability when investigating wildlife-vehicle collisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"2472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Event-Based Analysis of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions Under Temperature Extremes and Weather Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5332-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreten","family":"Jevremovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"An\u0111elkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovic\u201d, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4769-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kolarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Arnaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal\u010diauskas, L., Ku\u010das, A., and Bal\u010diauskien\u0117, L. (2025). A Review of Wildlife\u2013Vehicle Collisions: A Multidisciplinary Path to Sustainable Transportation and Wildlife Protection. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17104644"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-04207-x","article-title":"Global Roadkill Data: A Dataset on Terrestrial Vertebrate Mortality Caused by Collision with Vehicles","volume":"12","author":"Grilo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2216","article-title":"Roadkill Risk and Population Vulnerability in European Birds and Mammals","volume":"18","author":"Grilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2018.03.013","article-title":"Mapping Risk: Quantifying and Predicting the Risk of Deer-Vehicle Collisions on Major Roads in England","volume":"91","author":"Nelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/11250003.2014.945974","article-title":"Temporal Patterns of Ungulate-Vehicle Collisions in a Subalpine Italian Region","volume":"81","author":"Putzu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10041059.x","article-title":"Ungulate Traffic Collisions in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Hazebroek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03000-140215","article-title":"Cost\u2013Benefit Analyses of Mitigation Measures Aimed at Reducing Collisions with Large Ungulates in the United States and Canada: A Decision Support Tool","volume":"14","author":"Huijser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-025-01747-x","article-title":"Global Wildlife Roadkill Research: A Bibliometric Synthesis of Historical Trends, Thematic Gaps, and Future Directions","volume":"28","author":"Sukhontapatipak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03982-160148","article-title":"Effects of Roads and Traffic on Wildlife Populations and Landscape Function: Road Ecology Is Moving toward Larger Scales","volume":"16","author":"Jaeger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oddone Aquino, A.G.H.E., and Nkomo, S.L. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Consequences of Road Kills: A Review. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030799"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2022.09.001","article-title":"A Spatiotemporal Risk Prediction of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions Using Machine Learning for Dynamic Warnings","volume":"83","author":"Pagany","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An\u0111elkovi\u0107, M., and Bogdanovi\u0107, N. (2022). Amphibian and Reptile Road Mortality in Special Nature Reserve Obedska Bara, Serbia. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050561"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70718","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70718","article-title":"Safe Periods and Safe Activities: Two Phenological Responses to Mortality","volume":"15","author":"Constant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3897\/natureconservation.5.4634","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions in a Region with a High-Density Road Network","volume":"5","author":"Morelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jevremovi\u0107, S., Tubi\u0107, V., Arnaut, F., Kolarski, A., and Sre\u0107kovi\u0107, V.A. (2025). Moonlit Roads\u2014Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Wildlife\u2013Vehicle Collisions in Serbia. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17146443"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.10.014","article-title":"Accident Risk of Road and Weather Conditions on Different Road Types","volume":"122","author":"Malin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2023.11.369","article-title":"The Impact of Weather Conditions and Driver Characteristics on Road Safety on Rural Roads","volume":"72","author":"Pavlou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-023-01669-z","article-title":"The Distribution of Vertebrate Roadkill Varies by Season, Surrounding Environment, and Animal Class","volume":"69","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-023-03558-5","article-title":"Ungulate-Vehicle Crashes Peak a Month Earlier than 38 Years Ago Due to Global Warming","volume":"176","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e01530","article-title":"Where Wildlife and Traffic Collide: Roadkill Rates Change through Time in a Wildlife-Tourism Hotspot","volume":"27","author":"Rendall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.07.004","article-title":"Anuran Road-Kills Neighboring a Peri-Urban Reserve in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil","volume":"112","author":"Coelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2006)12[415:TASDOM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Moose-Vehicle Accidents in the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, Quebec, Canada","volume":"12","author":"Dussault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"247","article-title":"Roadkill on Vertebrates in Brazil: Seasonal Variation and Road Type Comparison","volume":"11","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"North-West. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner, W., Sch\u00f6ll, E.M., Leisch, F., and Hackl\u00e4nder, K. (2021). Temporal Patterns of Roe Deer Traffic Accidents: Effects of Season, Daytime and Lunar Phase. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249082"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Conover, M., Dinkins, J., and Haney, M. (2013). Wildlife Management and Conservation: Contemporary Principles and Practices, Chapter: Impacts of Weather and Accidents on Wildlife, The Wildlife Society and John Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"41","article-title":"Annual Trends in the Number of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions on the Main Linear Transport Corridors (Highway and Railway) of Hungary","volume":"11","author":"Farkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"North-West. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.00043","article-title":"How Does Variation in Winter Weather Affect Deer\u2014Vehicle Collision Rates?","volume":"21","author":"Olson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11-00169.1","article-title":"Large-Scale Spatiotemporal Variation in Road Mortality of Moose: Is It All about Population Density?","volume":"2","author":"Rolandsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eastsj.2021.100035","article-title":"Factors Affecting Analysis of the Severity of Accidents in Cold and Snowy Areas Using the Ordered Probit Model","volume":"7","author":"Hyodo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Transp. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignatavi\u010dius, G., Ulevi\u010dius, A., Valskys, V., and Mata\u010dina, L. (2026). Do Meteorological and Road Conditions Influence Animal-Vehicle Collisions. Proceedings of the 13th International Scientific Conference: Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.","DOI":"10.3846\/enviro.2026.2453"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"National Centers for Environmental Information (2026). WMO Climate Normals."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2026, February 02). Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia Data on Traffic Accidents by Municipalities in Serbia, Available online: https:\/\/data.gov.rs\/sr\/datasets\/podatsi-o-saobratshajnim-nezgodama-po-politsijskim-upravama-i-opshtinama\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bu\u010dko, J., Gubka, A., Danilovi\u0107, M., Lavadinovic, V., Popovic, Z., Sarva\u0161, M., and Slamka, M. (2023). Analiza Trenutnog Stanja Gazdovanja Divlja\u010di u Srbiji, Nacionalni \u0161umarski Centar."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"NASA (2026, August 05). NASA POWER|DAW 2026, Available online: https:\/\/power.larc.nasa.gov\/data-access-viewer\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2026, August 03). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia Administrative Categorization of the Republic of Serbia, Available online: https:\/\/www.stat.gov.rs\/en-us\/oblasti\/registar-prostornih-jedinica-i-gis\/administrativno-teritorijalna-podela-i-nstj-nivoi-1-2-3\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-022-00561-2","article-title":"Weather Impacts on Various Types of Road Crashes: A Quantitative Analysis Using Generalized Additive Models","volume":"14","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12063","article-title":"Effects of Road Mortality and Mitigation Measures on Amphibian Populations","volume":"27","author":"Beebee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(98)00140-2","article-title":"The Dangers of Leaving Home: Dispersal and Mortality in Snakes","volume":"89","author":"Bonnet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-012-0614-6","article-title":"Temporal Pattern of Wild Ungulate-Related Traffic Accidents in Northwest Spain","volume":"58","author":"Lagos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2298\/GSF2021047L","article-title":"Wild boar management (Sus scrofa L.) in the Republic of Serbia","volume":"2020","author":"Lavadinovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glas. Suma Fakul"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"125","article-title":"Populacija Srne (Capreolus capreolus L.) u Lovi\u0161tima Srbije\u2014Analiza Dinamike Brojnosti i Kori\u0161\u0107enja","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"\u0160Umarstvo"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Andrews, K., Gibbons, W., and Jochimsen, D. (2006). Literature Synthesis of the Effects of Roads and Vehicles on Amphibians and Reptiles."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heigl, F., Horvath, K., Laaha, G., and Zaller, J.G. (2017). Amphibian and Reptile Road-Kills on Tertiary Roads in Relation to Landscape Structure: Using a Citizen Science Approach with Open-Access Land Cover Data. BMC Ecol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12898-017-0134-z"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21467","article-title":"Identification of Local Factors Causing Clustering of Animal-vehicle Collisions","volume":"82","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(94)00024-7","article-title":"Factors Affecting Drivers\u2019 Choice of Speed on Roadway Curves","volume":"26","author":"Kanellaidis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2472\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:46:37Z","timestamp":1786355197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16162472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16162472","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]}}}