{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1786440638916,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007846","name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026J0448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026J0448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026J0448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026J0448"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02yrxdp92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Finance and the Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Bureau","award":["Yuncaizihuan [2024] 150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yuncaizihuan [2024] 150"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To recover endangered green peafowl (Pavo muticus) populations, China has implemented ex situ conservation programs centered on captive breeding. However, captive-bred individuals frequently suffer from skeletal deformities, creating a critical bottleneck that compromises future wild reintroductions. Results: This study demonstrates that, although green peafowl possess species-specific genes (Igf2 and Ndufs2), they lack specialized allometric development of the cecum, suggesting that dietary disparities might play a more pivotal role in driving skeletal issues than innate intestinal anatomical factors. Specifically, wild peafowl naturally consume plants from the genus Pistacia, whereas captive birds receive a standardized diet dominated by Glycine. Reflecting these dietary disparities, captive-bred individuals exhibit significantly reduced gut levels of metabolites that regulate osteoclast activity, namely quercetin, taurine, urolithin A, and luteolin. Extensive evidence indicates that these specific metabolites directly modulate bone homeostasis during growth, meaning their reduction poses severe physiological risks. Furthermore, the abundance of these specific metabolites is directly modulated by gut bacterial communities, notably the genera Escherichia and Staphylococcus. We also found that dietary composition serves as a robust cue shaping gut microbiome assembly, acting independently of developmental stages. Conclusions: This study suggests that targeted plant supplementation holds promise in restoring the gut ecosystem and mitigating skeletal deformities, highlighting how diet-driven microbiome stewardship could advance the conservation and reintroduction of endangered species like the green peafowl.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:09:36Z","timestamp":1786435776000},"page":"2495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deficiency of Natural Plant-Derived Gut Metabolites Is a Potential Cause of Skeletal Deformities in Captive-Bred Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Deng","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenji","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Forest Nature Center (Yunnan Wildlife Flora Rescue and Breeding Center), Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Forest Nature Center (Yunnan Wildlife Flora Rescue and Breeding Center), Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yubaiding Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Hongta District, Yuxi 653100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghua","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Forest Nature Center (Yunnan Wildlife Flora Rescue and Breeding Center), Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Forest Nature Center (Yunnan Wildlife Flora Rescue and Breeding Center), Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s44358-024-00006-9","article-title":"Wildlife\u2019s contributions to people","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax3100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3100","article-title":"Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change","volume":"366","author":"Diaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, M., Gu, B., Zhang, M., Wang, W., Quan, R.-C., Li, J., and Wang, L. (2021). The range contraction and future conservation of green peafowl (Pavo muticus) in China. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132111723"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.069","article-title":"Ongoing green peafowl protection in China","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2006.00120.x","article-title":"Phylogenetics, biogeography and classification of, and character evolution in, gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes): Effects of character exclusion, data partitioning and missing data","volume":"22","author":"Crowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.150946","article-title":"Selective attention in peacocks during assessment of rival males","volume":"220","author":"Yorzinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210073","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.0073","article-title":"Population genomic, climatic and anthropogenic evidence suggest the role of human forces in endangerment of green peafowl (Pavo muticus)","volume":"288","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordenstein, S.R., and Theis, K.R. (2015). Host biology in light of the microbiome: Ten principles of holobionts and hologenomes. PLoS Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002226"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242138","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.242138","article-title":"Captivity alters behaviour but not seasonal brain size change in semi-naturally housed shrews","volume":"12","author":"Baldoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12726","article-title":"Effects of ex situ conservation on diversity and function of the gut microbiota of the Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang)","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Tang, L., Yan, L., Jia, H., Xiong, Y., Shang, J., Shao, C., Zhang, Q., Wang, H., and He, L. (2022). Wild and captive environments drive the convergence of gut microbiota and impact health in threatened equids. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.832410"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"20182448","article-title":"Conservation biology needs a microbial renaissance: A call for the consideration of host-associated microbiota in wildlife management practices","volume":"286","author":"Trevelline","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521835113","article-title":"Captivity humanizes the primate microbiome","volume":"113","author":"Clayton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00836-1","article-title":"Multi-omic profiling reveals distinct gut microbial and metabolic landscapes in golden snub-nosed monkeys under contrasting conservation strategies","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0351625","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03516-25","article-title":"Captivity drives multi-generational shifts in the gut microbiome that mirror changing animal fitness","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"2026","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110203","article-title":"Seasonal shift of the gut microbiome synchronizes host peripheral circadian rhythm for physiological adaptation to a low-fat diet in the giant panda","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-018-0017-4","article-title":"Microbial regulation of organismal energy homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Cani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01012-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites tune host homeostasis fate","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.05.046","article-title":"Strain differences and effects of different stocking densities during rearing on the musculoskeletal development of pullets","volume":"99","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Zheng, W., Li, B., Tong, Q., Shi, H., and Li, X. (2019). Effects of B-wave ultraviolet supplementation using light-emitting diodes on caged laying hens during the later phase of the laying cycle. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010015"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex401","article-title":"High calcium to phosphorus ratio impairs growth and bone mineralization in Pekin ducklings","volume":"97","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3982","article-title":"Eco-Evo-Devo: Developmental symbiosis and developmental plasticity as evolutionary agents","volume":"16","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.104925","article-title":"Zinc Glycine supplementation improves bone quality in meat geese by modulating gut microbiota, SCFA\u2019s, and gut barrier function through Wnt10b\/NF-\u03baB axis","volume":"104","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1588","article-title":"The gut microbiota regulates bone mass in mice","volume":"27","author":"Sjogren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607235113","article-title":"Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545417","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2545417","article-title":"Interactions between the gut microbiota and immune cell dynamics: Novel insights into the gut-bone axis","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO03783A","article-title":"The mechanism of action of indole-3-propionic acid on bone metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01173-1","article-title":"Harnessing the microbiome to prevent global biodiversity loss","volume":"7","author":"Peixoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"20202888","article-title":"Mammalian intestinal allometry, phylogeny, trophic level and climate","volume":"288","author":"Codron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giac018","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giac018","article-title":"A high-quality assembly reveals genomic characteristics, phylogenetic status, and causal genes for leucism plumage of Indian peafowl","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giae124","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae124","article-title":"Genomic evidence for hybridization and introgression between blue peafowl and endangered green peafowl and molecular foundation of leucistic plumage of blue peafowl","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18571","article-title":"High-quality genome assemblies provide clues on the evolutionary advantage of blue peafowl over green peafowl","volume":"9","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W415","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae456","article-title":"WebGestalt 2024: Faster gene set analysis and new support for metabolomics and multi-omics","volume":"52","author":"Elizarraras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING database in 2023: Protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2007.00375.x","article-title":"Multivariate analyses in microbial ecology","volume":"62","author":"Ramette","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2174\/2213235X11301020005","article-title":"muma, an R package for metabolomics univariate and multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"1","author":"Gaude","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3393","article-title":"MS-DIAL: Data-independent MS\/MS deconvolution for comprehensive metabolome analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.106314","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in eggshell during incubation: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"105","author":"Rayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.112605","article-title":"Skeletal stem\/progenitor cell-derived rather than osteoblast-derived IGF2 supports the development and homeostasis of skeletal system via STAT3","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28610","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.44.28610","article-title":"The soluble type 2 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) receptor reduces organ size by IGF-II-mediated and IGF-II-independent mechanisms","volume":"273","author":"Zaina","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2025.05.002","article-title":"Dietary fiber derived short-chain fatty acids as a critical driver of the gut-bone axis in animal bone health: A review","volume":"22","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12464","article-title":"Role of short-chain fatty acids in host physiology","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Model. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-025-00386-4","article-title":"PLAGL1-IGF2 axis regulates osteogenesis of postnatal condyle development","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S1367943005002283","article-title":"Environment influences morphology and development for in situ and ex situ populations of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)","volume":"8","author":"Wisely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martiniakova, M., Babikova, M., Mondockova, V., Blahova, J., Kovacova, V., and Omelka, R. (2022). The Role of Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Flavonoid Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030523"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"46","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates bone loss in mice with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis via modulating gut microbiota and metabolic function","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113257","article-title":"The role of taurine in bone metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114604","article-title":"Urolithin a attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting inflammation and pyroptosis in fibroblasts via the AMPK\/ NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"155","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00093-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota of frugo-folivorous sifakas across environments","volume":"3","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.23.0271","article-title":"A comprehensive longitudinal study of gut microbiota dynamic changes in laying hens at four growth stages prior to egg production","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4732","article-title":"Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children","volume":"365","author":"Gehrig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"20212278","article-title":"Postnatal expression of IGF2 is the norm in amniote vertebrates","volume":"289","author":"Beatty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228633","article-title":"An exon splice enhancer primes IGF2: IGF2R binding site structure and function evolution","volume":"338","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1680297","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors and body growth in chickens divergently selected for high or low growth rate","volume":"168","author":"Beccavin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk9811","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk9811","article-title":"Muscle-bone cross-talk through the FNIP1-TFEB-IGF2 axis is associated with bone metabolism in human and mouse","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadp8496","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp8496","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics in bone mechanomics: Exploring the mechanoregulation of fracture healing in the era of spatial omics","volume":"11","author":"Mathavan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00190.x","article-title":"Air-filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: Physiological implications and the \u2018reptile\u2019-bird transition","volume":"87","author":"Benson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00534-5","article-title":"A computational study on mitogenome-encoded proteins of Pavo cristatus and Pavo muticus identifies key genetic variations with functional implications","volume":"21","author":"Yasmin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39392-7","article-title":"The NAD salvage pathway in mesenchymal cells is indispensable for skeletal development in mice","volume":"14","author":"Warren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0270-8","article-title":"The evolving metabolic landscape of chromatin biology and epigenetics","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00264-x","article-title":"Modulation of bone remodeling by the gut microbiota: A new therapy for osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180409","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.180409","article-title":"NDR2 is critical for osteoclastogenesis by regulating ULK1-mediated mitophagy","volume":"10","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4132","article-title":"Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents","volume":"22","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"521","article-title":"Quercetin, a potent suppressor of NF-kappaB and Smad activation in osteoblasts","volume":"28","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24434","article-title":"Luteolin inhibition of V-ATPase a3-d2 interaction decreases osteoclast resorptive activity","volume":"114","author":"Crasto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02490-4","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids regulate systemic bone mass and protect from pathological bone loss","volume":"9","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516702","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2516702","article-title":"Gut microbiota in regulatory T cell generation and function: Mechanisms and health implications","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Yu, L., Liu, F., Wan, L., and Deng, Z. (2023). The effect of cytokines on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling in osteoporosis: A review. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1222129"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokunaga, T., Mokuda, S., Kohno, H., Yukawa, K., Kuranobu, T., Oi, K., Yoshida, Y., Hirata, S., and Sugiyama, E. (2020). TGFbeta1 Regulates Human RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis via Suppression of NFATc1 Expression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030800"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y.N., Yue, T.J., Ding, W.L., Xu, B.W., Li, A.Y., and Huang, S.C. (2025). Gut-X Axis and Its Role in Poultry Bone Health: A Review. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040757"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15087","article-title":"Major shifts in gut microbiota during development and its relationship to growth in ostriches","volume":"28","author":"Videvall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16919","article-title":"Individual variation in the avian gut microbiota: The influence of host state and environmental heterogeneity","volume":"32","author":"Somers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32526\/ennrj\/23\/20250081","article-title":"Predicting Habitat Suitability for the Endangered Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus L., 1766) in Thailand\u2019s Western Stronghold under Future Climate Scenarios","volume":"23","author":"Prommakul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(01)00182-3","article-title":"Habitat use, predicted distribution and conservation of green peafowl (Pavo muticus) in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam","volume":"105","author":"Brickle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16504","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Luo, Y., Yang, J., and Cheng, C. (2025). Botanical Flavonoids: Efficacy, Absorption, Metabolism and Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology for Improving Bioavailability. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051184"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2024.105706","article-title":"Bioaffinity ultrafiltration combined with UPLC-ESI-QTrap-MS\/MS for screening of xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Paederia foetida L. leaves","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, S., Almuhayawi, M.S., Alharbi, M.T., Al Jaouni, S.K., Alharthi, A., Abdel-Wahab, B.A., Ibrahim, M.A.R., Alsuhaibani, A.M., Warrad, M., and Rashed, K. (2022). Insights into the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Cytotoxic Activities of Pistacia lentiscus Bark and Phytochemical Profile; In Silico and In Vitro Study. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050930"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8006-6","article-title":"Interaction of gut microbiota with bile acid metabolism and its influence on disease states","volume":"101","author":"Staley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115374","article-title":"Taurine, an osteocyte metabolite, protects against oxidative stress-induced cell death and decreases inhibitors of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"137","author":"Prideaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00806-7","article-title":"Plasticity of the gut microbiome of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in response to seasonal variation in diet","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2495\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:38:07Z","timestamp":1786437487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16162495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16162495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}