{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:27:06Z","timestamp":1786685226910,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI2020-00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI2020-00109"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["GINOP_PLUSZ-2.1.1-21-2022-00164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP_PLUSZ-2.1.1-21-2022-00164"]}]},{"award":["2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI2020-00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI2020-00109"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GINOP_PLUSZ-2.1.1-21-2022-00164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP_PLUSZ-2.1.1-21-2022-00164"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031691","name":"University of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SRF-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRF-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["SRF-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRF-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vayv672","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress represents one of the most economically and biologically consequential environmental challenges facing modern dairy production, with projected intensification under ongoing climate change. Intraruminal bolus sensors have emerged as a uniquely capable platform for heat stress surveillance in lactating dairy cows: once administered, they provide continuous, lifetime access to reticuloruminal temperature\u2014a reliable indicator of core body thermal status\u2014alongside behavioral parameters, in a configuration entirely shielded from external environmental interference. This review examines the scientific basis and practical capabilities of bolus-based heat stress monitoring and its potential to optimize dairy production systems. We describe the physiological rationale for reticuloruminal temperature as a heat stress indicator, the principal confounding factors including drinking-water effects and diurnal variation, and the evidence base for interpreting temperature signals in the context of breed, parity, milk yield, and the temperature\u2013humidity index. We review controlled studies characterizing the determinants of reticuloruminal temperature across breeds and seasons, and a four-level machine-learning processing architecture for bolus data integration. Individual baseline calibration\u2014rather than fixed population thresholds\u2014is identified as a prerequisite for reliable detection, enabling targeted cooling interventions, improved reproductive management, and enhanced disease surveillance. We further review bolus developments extending sensing to heart-rate monitoring and low-power wide area network communication, and discuss machine-learning methodologies suited to bolus-derived time-series data. Methodological challenges\u2014including drinking-water effects, sensor precision, communication reliability, and the absence of standardized crossbreed validation protocols\u2014are critically appraised, and future research priorities are identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:53:48Z","timestamp":1786539228000},"page":"2516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat Stress Detection in Dairy Cattle Using Intraruminal Bolus Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levente","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u00e1ter K\u00e1roly utca 1, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ron Gergely","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunland Dairy Ltd., Als\u00f3r\u00e1da puszta 13, H-2347 Bugyi, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7688-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Czirok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u00e1ter K\u00e1roly utca 1, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4475-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"P\u00f3ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u00e1ter K\u00e1roly utca 1, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6019-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Jurkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E52","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5","article-title":"Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries","volume":"86","author":"Cobanov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-018-1359-x","article-title":"Characterizing heat stress on livestock using the temperature humidity index (THI)\u2014Prospects for a warmer Caribbean","volume":"18","author":"Lallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-017-2023-z","article-title":"Climate change effects on livestock in the Northeast US and strategies for adaptation","volume":"146","author":"Hristov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Collier, R.J., Zimbelman, R.B., Rhoads, R.P., Rhoads, M.L., and Baumgard, L.H. (2011, January 9\u201311). A re-evaluation of the impact of temperature humidity index (THI) and black globe humidity index (BGHI) on milk production in high producing dairy cows. Proceedings of the Western Dairy Management Conference, Reno, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111000090X","article-title":"Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants","volume":"4","author":"Bernabucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1370","article-title":"Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment?","volume":"92","author":"Dikmen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11607","article-title":"Influence of breed, milk yield, and temperature-humidity index on dairy cow lying time, neck activity, reticulorumen temperature, and rumination behavior","volume":"100","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12651","article-title":"Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare","volume":"100","author":"Polsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, C.P., de Sousa, F.C., da Silva, A.L., Schultz, \u00c9.B., Valderrama Londo\u00f1o, R.I., and da Souza, P.A.R. (2025). Heat stress in dairy cows: Impacts, identification, and mitigation strategies\u2014A review. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020249"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccouri, W., Wanjala, G., T\u00f3th, V., Koml\u00f3si, I., and Mik\u00f3, E. (2025). The effect of heat stress during the insemination period on the con-ception outcomes of dairy cows. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15132001"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1072","article-title":"Differences in thermoregulatory ability between slick-haired and wild-type lactating Holstein cows in response to acute heat stress","volume":"91","author":"Dikmen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0305","article-title":"A new heat load index for feedlot cattle","volume":"86","author":"Gaughan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2586","article-title":"A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals","volume":"88","author":"Mader","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2023-0482","article-title":"Identifying and predicting heat stress events for grazing dairy cows using rumen temperature boluses","volume":"5","author":"Woodward","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1159","article-title":"Impact of intake water temperatures on reticular temperatures of lactating dairy cows","volume":"91","author":"Bewley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vakulya, G., Hajnal, \u00c9., Udvardy, P., and Simon, G. (2024). In-depth development of a versatile rumen bolus sensor for dairy cattle. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216976"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajnal, \u00c9., Kov\u00e1cs, L., and Vakulya, G. (2022). Dairy cattle rumen bolus developments with special regard to the applicable artificial intelligence (AI) methods. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186812"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, L., K\u00e9z\u00e9r, F.L., Szenci, O., and Falta, D. (2026). Physiological and Behavioral Responses of Lactating Holstein Cows to Naturally Occurring, Moderate to Severe Heat Stress Episode, in preparation."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5072","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6537","article-title":"Influence of breed, milk production, season, and ambient temperature on dairy cow reticulorumen temperature","volume":"96","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10067","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11282","article-title":"Is reticular temperature a useful indicator of heat stress in dairy cattle?","volume":"99","author":"Ammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0535","article-title":"Ruminal temperature may aid in the detection of subacute ruminal acidosis","volume":"91","author":"AlZahal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antanaitis, R., D\u017eermeikait\u0117, K., \u0160imkut\u0117, A., Girdauskait\u0117, A., Ribely\u017et\u0117, I., and Ansklien\u0117, L. (2023). Use of Innovative Tools for the Detection of the Impact of Heat Stress on Reticulorumen Parameters and Cow Walking Activity Levels. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111852"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antanaitis, R., D\u017eermeikait\u0117, K., Ba\u010d\u0117ninait\u0117, D., Rutkauskas, A., and Baumgartner, W. (2022). Relationship between Reticulorumen Parameters Measured in Real Time and Methane Emission and Heat Stress Risk in Dairy Cows. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233257"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantor, M.C., Costa, J.H.C., and Bewley, J.M. (2018). Impact of Observed and Controlled Water Intake on Reticulorumen Temperature in Lactating Dairy Cattle. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8110194"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szalai, S., Bodn\u00e1r, \u00c1., F\u00e9bel, H., Bakony, M., and Jurkovich, V. (2025). Rumination time, reticulorumen temperature, and activity in relation to postpartum health status in dairy cows during heat stress. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15111616"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"9489","article-title":"Technical note: Preliminary evaluation of an automated indwelling rumen temperature bolus measurement system to detect pyrexia in preweaned dairy calves","volume":"99","author":"Dyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00330-X","article-title":"Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review","volume":"77","author":"Kadzere","year":"2002","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103644","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics","volume":"1","author":"Baumgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0540","article-title":"Invited review: Genes involved in the bovine heat stress response","volume":"91","author":"Collier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0131","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction","volume":"364","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00126-2","article-title":"Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow\u2014A review","volume":"60","author":"Scaramuzzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7128","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5697","article-title":"Effects of heat stress during late gestation on growth and immune function of dairy calves","volume":"95","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12379","article-title":"Heat stress effects on livestock: Molecular, cellular and metabolic aspects, a review","volume":"100","author":"Najar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X","article-title":"Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle","volume":"86","author":"West","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4329","article-title":"Effect of heat stress during the dry period on mammary gland development","volume":"94","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4675","article-title":"Ruminant nutrition symposium: Ruminant production and metabolic responses to heat stress","volume":"90","author":"Baumgard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce, S.C., Mani, V., Boddicker, R.L., Johnson, J.S., Weber, T.E., Ross, J.W., Baumgard, L.H., and Gabler, N.K. (2013). Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070215"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10471","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16442","article-title":"Developing and evaluating threshold-based algorithms to detect drinking behavior in dairy cows using reticulorumen temperature","volume":"102","author":"Plant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3439","article-title":"Identifying and predicting heat stress events for grazing dairy cows using rumen temperature boluses","volume":"106","author":"Lees","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6107","article-title":"Invited review: Sensors to support health management on dairy farms","volume":"96","author":"Rutten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12850","article-title":"Signals for Identifying Cows at Risk of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Veterinary Practice","volume":"102","author":"Humer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2055","article-title":"Differences between pH of Indwelling Sensors and the pH of Fluid and Solid Phase in the Rumen of Dairy Cows Fed Varying Concentrate Levels","volume":"100","author":"Neubauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11884","article-title":"Rumination time and reticuloruminal temperature as possible predictors of dystocia in dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Ruff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.09.012","article-title":"Early detection of bovine respiratory disease in young bulls using reticulo-rumen temperature boluses","volume":"190","author":"Timsit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett, T.A., and Cerri, R.L.A. (2020). Rumen-reticular temperature during estrus and ovulation using automated activity monitors in dairy cows. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.597512"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.04.004","article-title":"Real-time temperature monitoring for the early detection of mastitis in dairy cattle: Methods and case research","volume":"162","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2020.100093","article-title":"Dynamic cooling strategy based on individual animal response mitigated heat stress in dairy cows","volume":"15","author":"Levit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5822","article-title":"Using temperature-sensing reticular boluses to aid in the detection of production diseases in dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3051","article-title":"Rumen temperature change monitored with remote rumen temperature boluses after challenges with bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mannheimia haemolytica","volume":"89","author":"Krehbiel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.105153","article-title":"Calving and estrus detection in dairy cattle using a combination of indoor localization and accelerometer sensors","volume":"168","author":"Benaissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(00)00162-7","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants","volume":"67","author":"Silanikove","year":"2000","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Nagy, \u00c9.H., Vakulya, G., and Udvardy, P. (2022, January 17). Long term rumen temperature analysis of dairy cattle with help of bolus sensor. Proceedings of the AIS 2022\u201417th International Symposium on Applied Informatics and Related Areas, Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u017eermeikait\u0117, K., Kri\u0161tolaityt\u0117, J., Mala\u0161auskien\u0117, D., Arlauskait\u0117, S., Girdauskait\u0117, A., and Antanaitis, R. (2025). The Impact of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle: Effects on Milk Quality, Rumination Behaviour, and Reticulorumen pH Response Using Machine Learning Models. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15090608"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106610","article-title":"Predicting livestock behaviour using accelerometers: A systematic review of processing techniques for ruminant behaviour prediction from raw accelerometer data","volume":"192","author":"Riaboff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2017.0102","article-title":"General introduction to precision livestock farming","volume":"7","author":"Berckmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.02.011","article-title":"Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems","volume":"130","author":"Nardone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"ICAR (2026, June 01). Section 11\u2014Guidelines for Testing, Approval and Checking of Milk Recording Devices. Available online: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/Guidelines\/11-Milk-Recording-Devices.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10447","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26554","article-title":"Invited review: Using data from sensors and other precision farming technologies to enhance the sustainability of dairy cattle breeding programs","volume":"108","author":"Brito","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4306","article-title":"Heritability of rectal temperature and genetic correlations with production and reproduction traits in dairy cattle","volume":"95","author":"Dikmen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, L., K\u00e9z\u00e9r, F.L., Ruff, F., Jurkovich, V., and Szenci, O. (2018). Assessment of heat stress in 7-week old dairy calves with non-invasive physiological parameters in different thermal environments. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208528"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-1581-8","article-title":"Heart rate, cardiac vagal tone, respiratory rate and rectal temperature in dairy calves exposed to heat stress in a continental region","volume":"62","author":"Ruff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2516\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:36:28Z","timestamp":1786682188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16162516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16162516","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}