{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:37Z","timestamp":1787027437584,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Climate, Food and Farming \u2013 Global Research Alliance Development Scholarships"},{"name":"Center for Carbon Research in Tropical Agriculture","award":["2021\/10573-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/10573-4"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306116\/2023-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306116\/2023-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304023\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304023\/2022-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302089\/2022-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302089\/2022-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["306116\/2023-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306116\/2023-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036rp1748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["304023\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304023\/2022-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036rp1748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["302089\/2022-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302089\/2022-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036rp1748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feed efficiency classification based on residual feed intake (RFI) and residual intake and gain (RIG) is widely used to identify biologically efficient animals, yet it remains unclear whether this classification reflects consistent differences in digestive, fermentative, and metabolic processes. This study evaluated the effects of RFI and RIG classification on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen metabolism, microbial protein synthesis, and gaseous emissions in confined lambs. Thirty-eight weaned Texel ewe lambs underwent a 60-day performance test using an automated feed intake system and were classified as high-efficiency, neutral, or low-efficiency based on both indices. Animals were individually housed in respirometric chambers where emissions of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and ammonia were assessed by cavity ring-down spectroscopy; apparent digestibility was determined from total collections of feed, orts, faeces, and urine; microbial protein synthesis was estimated from urinary purine derivatives; and ruminal short-chain fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography. Feed efficiency classification did not significantly affect body weight, nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, or greenhouse gas emissions. Principal component analysis revealed two major biological gradients related to nutrient intake and utilisation (42.9%) and ruminal fermentation and gaseous emissions (23.3%), together explaining 66.2% of total variance, but showing no clear separation among efficiency groups. These findings indicate that the digestive, fermentative, and nitrogen metabolism variables evaluated in this study did not account for the observed variation in feed efficiency. Because the regression underlying RIG explained little additional variation (R2 = 0.01), these conclusions primarily reflect feed efficiency as classified by RFI, suggesting that other physiological mechanisms may play a more important role in determining feed efficiency in confined Texel ewe lambs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"2554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feed Efficiency Classification in Confined Texel Ewe Lambs: Relationships with Ruminal Fermentation, Nitrogen Metabolism, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7267-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charleni Cris\u00f3stomo","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba 13416-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5968-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adibe Luiz","family":"Abdalla Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterin\u00e1ria (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4109-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Jos\u00e9 Branquinho de","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterin\u00e1ria (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Lopes Dias da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Zootecnia Diversificada, Instituto de Zootecnia, Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa 13380-011, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia de Sousa","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Zootecnia Diversificada, Instituto de Zootecnia, Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa 13380-011, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal Goiano (IF Goiano), Rua Sul Goi\u00e2nia, 1371, Rio Verde 75906-750, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalya","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba 13416-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Souza","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba 13416-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2179-5861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vagner","family":"Ovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba 13416-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adibe Luiz","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba 13416-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Carbon Research in Tropical Agriculture (CCARBON), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Alameda das Palmeiras, 11, Piracicaba 13416-823, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Louvandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba 13416-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Carbon Research in Tropical Agriculture (CCARBON), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Alameda das Palmeiras, 11, Piracicaba 13416-823, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2013). 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