{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1787203407048,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program Project","award":["2025JC-YBMS-232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-232"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024NC-YBXM-119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-119"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019957","name":"Shaanxi Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023k-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023k-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023k-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023k-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s9v8n82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress is one of the most prevalent and unavoidable environmental stressors in modern aquaculture and natural fishery ecosystems. With the intensification of global warming, the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events have increased substantially, progressively reducing the thermal safety margin of fish. As ectothermic vertebrates, fish rely heavily on ambient water temperature to maintain physiological functions and metabolic homeostasis. Elevated temperatures can induce profound metabolic reprogramming, characterized by suppressed protein deposition, enhanced lipid mobilization, and altered glucose metabolism, while simultaneously causing structural damage and functional dysfunction in critical organs and tissues such as the liver, intestine, gills, and reproductive system. Heat stress also activates the stress axis and oxidative stress responses, often leading to immunosuppression and disruption of antioxidant defenses, ultimately impairing growth performance, behavior, reproduction, and survival. This review focuses on fish and summarizes the major physiological injuries, molecular regulatory pathways, and adaptive strategies associated with heat stress under global warming. Comparative evidence from crustaceans and molluscs is used only where it helps clarify shared or divergent responses among aquatic ectotherms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1787040521000},"page":"2573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological Effects, Molecular Regulation, and Adaptive Strategies of Heat Stress in Fish Under Global Warming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.09.008","article-title":"Insight into the Heat Resistance of Fish via Blood: Effects of Heat Stress on Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response of Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthalmus maximus","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.06.015","article-title":"The Thermal Acclimation Rate Varied among Physiological Functions and Temperature Regimes in a Common Cyprinid Fish","volume":"495","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741666","article-title":"A Long-Term High Temperature on Young Nile Tilapia Females Affects Its Urogenital Papilla Morphology and Future Reproductive Performance","volume":"595","author":"Bezerra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.04.002","article-title":"The Effects of Temperature Changes on the Oxygen Consumption of Juvenile Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck","volume":"310","author":"Tian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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