{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:54:55Z","timestamp":1787072095067,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Diusa SA, mother Company of Diusapet S.r.l."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic enteropathy (CE) is a common cause of persistent gastrointestinal signs in dogs, and dietary management represents the cornerstone of treatment. Probiotics have been proposed as adjunctive strategies to support intestinal health, although evidence of their efficacy remains limited. This randomised, double-blind crossover trial evaluated the effects of a hydrolysed protein diet supplemented or not with Bacillus velezensis DSM 15544 applied during post-extrusion coating. Thirteen CE dogs were randomly assigned to receive the Diet with Probiotic (DIET+PRO) or the Diet without Probiotic (DIET) during two consecutive 60-day feeding periods, with parameters assessed at baseline (T0) and after 30 (T1) and 60 (T2) days of each dietary treatment. Clinical response was assessed using the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) andfecal core (FS). Gut microbiota was evaluated by the qPCR Dysbiosis Index (DI) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including taxonomic composition, alpha and beta diversity analyses. Compared with baseline (CIBDAI: 4.2 \u00b1 1.7; FS: 3.9 \u00b1 1.5), both dietary treatments significantly improved clinical scores (CIBDAI: 1.3\u20131.5; FS: 2.2\u20132.3; p &lt; 0.02), irrespective of probiotic supplementation. Neither microbiota composition, alpha diversity, beta diversity, nor the DI (\u22122.7 \u00b1 2.3 to \u22122.1 \u00b1 2.3) differed between dietary treatments. Clinical responses to B. velezensis DSM 15544 supplementation varied among dogs. Overall, the hydrolysed diet effectively improved gastrointestinal clinical signs in dogs with CE, whereas the effects of B. velezensis DSM 15544 remain unclear and warrant further investigation, as any additional benefit may have been masked by the marked clinical response to the hydrolysed diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:11Z","timestamp":1787069531000},"page":"2581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Faecal Outcomes in Adult Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy Fed an Hydrolysed Protein Diet with and Without Bacillus velezensis DSM 15544: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Giuditta","family":"Vecchiato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3211-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Sportelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Masiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5861-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Pinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7455-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Crison\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Del Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Giancarlo","family":"Cavazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Diusapet Italia S.r.l., Strada Provinciale 8 per Lardirago, 27010 Marzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diusapet Italia S.r.l., Strada Provinciale 8 per Lardirago, 27010 Marzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan S.","family":"Suchodolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1234-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Correa Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9078-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupouy-Manescau, N., M\u00e9ric, T., S\u00e9n\u00e9cat, O., Drut, A., Valentin, S., Leal, R.O., and Hernandez, J. (2024). Updating the Classification of Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathies in Dogs. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050681"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmberg, J., Pelander, L., Ljungvall, I., Harlos, C., Spillmann, T., and H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m, J. (2022). Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs\u2014Epidemiologic Aspects and Clinical Characteristics of Dogs Presenting at Two Swedish Animal Hospitals. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121507"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15345","article-title":"Narrative Review of Therapies for Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs and Cats","volume":"33","author":"Makielski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.005","article-title":"Dietary and Nutritional Approaches to the Management of Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs and Cats","volume":"51","author":"Kathrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.5.570","article-title":"Nutritional Management of Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs and Cats","volume":"253","author":"Rudinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosini, Y.M., Neuber, S., Borcherding, D., Seo, Y.J., Segarra, S., Glanemann, B., Garden, O.A., M\u00fcller, U., Adam, M.G., and Dang, V. (2020). Treatment With Hydrolyzed Diet Supplemented With Prebiotics and Glycosaminoglycans Alters Lipid Metabolism in Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00451"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0632.x","article-title":"A Randomized, Open-Label, Positively-Controlled Field Trial of a Hydrolyzed Protein Diet in Dogs with Chronic Small Bowel Enteropathy","volume":"24","author":"Mandigers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.02.001","article-title":"Dietary Approach to Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs and Cats","volume":"56","author":"Villaverde","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.70089","article-title":"Dietary Management of Normoalbuminaemic Canine Chronic Enteropathies","volume":"67","author":"Kathrani","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.08.008","article-title":"Hydrolyzed Protein Diets for Dogs and Cats","volume":"36","author":"Cave","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fix136","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix136","article-title":"A Dysbiosis Index to Assess Microbial Changes in Fecal Samples of Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy","volume":"93","author":"AlShawaqfeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isidori, M., Corbee, R.J., and Trabalza-Marinucci, M. (2022). Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy\u2014A Narrative Review. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020037"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.3.11712","article-title":"Probiotics-Host Communication Modulation of Signaling Pathways in the Intestine","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on the Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.17","article-title":"Understanding the Canine Intestinal Microbiota and Its Modification by Pro-, Pre- and Synbiotics\u2014What Is the Evidence?","volume":"2","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.011","article-title":"Value of Probiotics in Canine and Feline Gastroenterology","volume":"51","author":"Schmitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3342","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003342","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics on Intestinal Mucosa Barrier in Patients with Colorectal Cancer after Operation","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910307107","article-title":"Probiotics Promote Gut Health through Stimulation of Epithelial Innate Immunity","volume":"107","author":"Pagnini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, G., Pengo, G., Caldin, M., Palumbo Piccionello, A., Steiner, J.M., Cohen, N.D., Jergens, A.E., and Suchodolski, J.S. (2014). Comparison of Microbiological, Histological, and Immunomodulatory Parameters in Response to Treatment with Either Combination Therapy with Prednisone and Metronidazole or Probiotic VSL#3 Strains in Dogs with Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094699"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104241","article-title":"Effect of Saccharomyces Boulardii in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies: Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"182","author":"Fracassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390801892583","article-title":"Effects of a Probiotic Lactobacillus Acidophilus Strain on Feed Tolerance in Dogs with Non-Specific Dietary Sensitivity","volume":"62","author":"Pascher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12563","article-title":"A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study on the Effect of Enterococcus Faecium on Clinical Activity and Intestinal Gene Expression in Canine Food-Responsive Chronic Enteropathy","volume":"29","author":"Schmitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karukayil Gopalakrishnan, N., Pappuswamy, M., Meganathan, G., Shanmugam, S., Pushparaj, K., Balasubramanian, B., and Kim, I.H. (2025). Influence of Probiotic Administration in Canine Feed: A Comprehensive Review. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050449"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.794","article-title":"Microbiologic Evaluation of Commercial Probiotics","volume":"15","author":"Weese","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeusette, I., Apper, E., Fragua, V., Sanchez, N., Torre, C., Badiella, L., Puig, J., Ballester, E., Jurado, A., and Feo Bernabe, L. (2025). A New Highly Digestible Prescription Diet Containing Bacillus Velezensis DSM 15544, Fructo-Oligosaccharides, Plasma Immunoglobulin, Yeast and Sepiolite for the Management of Acute Diarrhea in Dogs\u2014A Randomized Double-Blinded, Controlled Trial. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665730"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2023.2218871","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 Addition on Nutrient Digestibility, Faecal Characteristics, Blood Chemistry and Faecal Lactobacilli spp., Enterococci spp., and Escherichia coli in Healthy Dogs","volume":"22","author":"Kahraman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allenspach, K., Sung, C.H., Ceron, J.J., Peres Rubio, C., Bourgois-Mochel, A., Suchodolski, J.S., Yuan, L., Kundu, D., Colom Comas, J., and Rea, K. (2023). Effect of the Probiotic Bacillus Subtilis DE-CA9TM on Fecal Scores, Serum Oxidative Stress Markers and Fecal and Serum Metabolome in Healthy Dogs. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10090566"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665730","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1410","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Coagulans Spores on Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Dogs","volume":"10","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaf038","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf038","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus Subtilis ATCC PTA-122264 on Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility and Fecal Characteristics, Metabolites, and Microbiota of Healthy Adult Dogs","volume":"103","author":"Oba","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oba, P.M., Swanson, O.R., Kang, Y., Mioto, J.C., Menton, J.F., Vinay, E., Millette, M., Kelly, M.R., and Swanson, K.S. (2025). Evaluation of Bacillus Subtilis ATCC PTA-122264 on the Fecal Characteristics and Microbiota of Healthy Adult Dogs Subjected to an Abrupt Diet Change. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1617072"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e04760","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Calsporin\u00ae (Bacillus Subtilis DSM 15544) as a Feed Additive for Dogs","volume":"15","author":"Rychen","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"FEDIAF (2021). Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs, European Pet Food Industry. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?cluster=879967344414270017&hl=it&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Body Condition Score System for Dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02450.x","article-title":"A Scoring Index for Disease Activity in Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Jergens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000). Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinna, C., Vecchiato, C.G., Delsante, C., Grandi, M., and Biagi, G. (2021). On the Variability of Microbial Populations and Bacterial Metabolites within the Canine Stool. An in-Depth Analysis. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010225"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15638","article-title":"Review of Cobalamin Status and Disorders of Cobalamin Metabolism in Dogs","volume":"34","author":"Kather","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aalaf017","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf017","article-title":"ACVIM\u2013Endorsed Statement: Consensus Statement and Systematic Review on Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy in Dogs","volume":"40","author":"Heilmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freiche, V., Dossin, O., Leclerc, A., Mougeot, I., Laxalde, J., Roy, O., Biourge, V., and German, A.J. (2025). An Extensively Hydrolysed Protein-Based Extruded Diet in the Treatment of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy and at Least One Previous Diet-Trial Failure: A Pilot Uncontrolled Open-Label Study. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04528-y"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16844","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Hydrolyzed Fish Diets in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy","volume":"37","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jergens, A.E., and Heilmann, R.M. (2022). Canine Chronic Enteropathy\u2014Current State-of-the-Art and Emerging Concepts. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.923013"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toresson, L., Suchodolski, J.S., Spillmann, T., Lopes, B.C., Shih, J., Steiner, J.M., and Pilla, R. (2023). The Intestinal Microbiome in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies and Cobalamin Deficiency or Normocobalaminemia\u2014A Comparative Study. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081378"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15227","article-title":"Effect of an Extruded Animal Protein-Free Diet on Fecal Microbiota of Dogs with Food-Responsive Enteropathy","volume":"32","author":"Bresciani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vecchiato, C.G., Pinna, C., Sung, C.H., Borrelli De Andreis, F., Suchodolski, J.S., Pilla, R., Delsante, C., Sportelli, F., Mammi, L.M.E., and Pietra, M. (2023). Fecal Microbiota, Bile Acids, Sterols, and Fatty Acids in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy Fed a Home-Cooked Diet Supplemented with Coconut Oil. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030502"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilla, R., Guard, B.C., Blake, A.B., Ackermann, M., Webb, C., Hill, S., Lidbury, J.A., Steiner, J.M., Jergens, A.E., and Suchodolski, J.S. (2021). Long-Term Recovery of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Enteropathy. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0493.v1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17244-6","article-title":"Microbial Dysbiosis and Fecal Metabolomic Perturbations in Yorkshire Terriers with Chronic Enteropathy","volume":"12","author":"Galler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correa Lopes, B., Chen, C.C., Sung, C.H., Ishii, P.E., Medina, L.F.d.C., Gaschen, F.P., Suchodolski, J.S., and Pilla, R. (2024). Correlation between Peptacetobacter Hiranonis, the BaiCD Gene, and Secondary Bile Acids in Dogs. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020216"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15332","article-title":"Comparison of Intestinal Expression of the Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter between Dogs with and without Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy","volume":"32","author":"Giaretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.12.0548","article-title":"Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats; Current Perspectives on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"261","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, E., Gomes, \u00c9., Gil, S., and Louren\u00e7o, A.M. (2023). Diagnostic Approach and Grading Scheme for Canine Allergic Conjunctivitis. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03561-5"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"e8516","article-title":"Safety Evaluation of the Food Enzyme Endo-1,4-\u03b2-Xylanase from the Genetically Modified Bacillus Velezensis Strain AR-112","volume":"22","author":"Bolognesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"09603271241278977","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271241278977","article-title":"Subchronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of Bacillus Velezensis Strain BV379 in Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"43","author":"Bauter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilla, R., Guard, B.C., Steiner, J.M., Gaschen, F.P., Olson, E., Werling, D., Allenspach, K., Schmitz, S.S., and Suchodolski, J.S. (2019). Administration of a Synbiotic Containing Enterococcus Faecium Does Not Significantly Alter Fecal Microbiota Richness or Diversity in Dogs with and without Food-Responsive Chronic Enteropathy. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00277"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isidori, M., Rueca, F., Massacci, F.R., Diaferia, M., Giontella, A., Caldin, M., Furlanello, T., Corbee, R.J., Mannucci, G., and Pezzotti, G. (2021). The Use of Ascophyllum Nodosum and Bacillus Subtilis C-3102 in the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy: A Pilot Study. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123417"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2005.00595.x","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic Bacteria in Dogs with Food Responsive Diarrhoea Treated with an Elimination Diet","volume":"90","author":"Sauter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, T.S., De Lima, D.C., Souza, C.M.M., Maiorka, A., De Oliveira, S.G., Bittencourt, L.C., and F\u00e9lix, A.P. (2020). Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Licheniformis Reduce Faecal Protein Catabolites Concentration and Odour in Dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02321-7"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114672","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with Bacillus Subtilis C-3102 Improves Gut Health Indicators and Fecal Microbiota of Dogs","volume":"270","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.72770","article-title":"From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: How Did Digestion and Microbiota Evolve with Dog Sizes","volume":"18","author":"Deschamps","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2581\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:21:52Z","timestamp":1787070112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/16\/2581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16162581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16162581","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}