{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:25:12Z","timestamp":1787649912692,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023QC115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QC115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024M753560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M753560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024M753560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M753560"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32372939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372939"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parturient paresis remains a major economic challenge in global ruminant production, causing acute periparturient hypocalcemia and predisposing high-yielding animals to a cluster of secondary pathologies. Traditional narratives often treat regulatory pathways in isolation, whereas this review synthesizes multi-organ endocrine networks to address the kinetic dyssynchrony between mammary calcium drain and homeostatic recruitment velocity. Beyond the classical parathyroid hormone\u2013vitamin D axis, we integrate the mammary\u2013gut\u2013bone axis into a unified endocrine model, highlighting the critical role of the serotonin\u2013parathyroid hormone-related protein rheostat for skeletal mineral mobilization and the fibroblast growth factor 23\u2013Klotho axis in prepartum phosphorus-induced feedback suppression. We evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying target-organ receptor resistance, driven by vitamin D receptor downregulation and epigenetic aging, which precipitate homeostatic feedback failure. Regarding clinical management, this synthesis contrasts reactive parenteral interventions with proactive nutritional priming strategies, such as negative dietary cation\u2013anion difference acidification, zeolite-based gastrointestinal binders, and exogenous vitamin D or 5-hydroxytryptophan supplementation. Additionally, the role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in gut-bone communication and the potential of genomic selection to breed livestock with heritable metabolic resilience are explored. Ultimately, this comprehensive framework emphasizes a paradigm shift from emergency treatment to precision nutritional and genetic prophylaxis to mitigate PP across diverse ruminant species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16162597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:12:58Z","timestamp":1787155978000},"page":"2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calcium Homeostasis and Parturient Paresis in Ruminants: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Meiqiang","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhennan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenjin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17268","article-title":"Symposium review: Transition cow calcium homeostasis-Health effects of hypocalcemia and strategies for prevention","volume":"103","author":"Wilkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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