{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:17:58Z","timestamp":1787944678826,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild boars (Sus scrofa) forage on plant resources located both above and below the soil surface, but it remains unclear whether these resources are exploited simultaneously or used as complementary food pools according to season. This study examined seasonal changes in the use of understory plant resources by analyzing the stomach contents of 470 wild boars collected throughout the year in central Poland. Four dietary fractions were quantified: grass leaves, herb leaves, grass roots, and herb roots. Their frequency and proportional contribution were compared among six phenological seasons using non-parametric statistics and generalized linear models. Significant seasonal differences were found in both occurrence and dietary contribution. Aboveground plant parts, particularly grass leaves, dominated during the Greening and Flowering periods, whereas underground organs became more important in autumn and winter. Herb roots showed the strongest seasonal increase during the Shedding season, while grass roots remained uncommon throughout the year. Our findings indicate that wild boars switch between these complementary food pools according to plant phenology, tracking seasonal changes in the availability and nutritional quality of plant tissues rather than exploiting aboveground and belowground resources indiscriminately. This flexible foraging strategy provides new insight into the ecological mechanisms underlying rooting behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"2688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Leaves to Roots: Seasonal Dynamics of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Use of Understory Plant Resources in a Forest\u2013Agricultural Landscape of Central Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5193-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Nasiadka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioeconomy and Food Systems, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-7845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Obidzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Perli\u0144ska-Teresiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioeconomy and Food Systems, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Or\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow ul. Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.81-16","article-title":"Food Composition of Wild Boar in North-Eastern and Western Poland","volume":"26","author":"Genov","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3965","article-title":"Wild Boar Populations up, Numbers of Hunters down? A Review of Trends and Implications for Europe","volume":"71","author":"Massei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pest Manag. 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