{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:20:30Z","timestamp":1788326430698,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cangzhou City Key Research and Development Project","award":["20251205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20251205002"]}]},{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences\u2019 Research Project","award":["5-2624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-2624"]}]},{"award":["5-2624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-2624"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wzqhm27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research Project of the Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0013zhk30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005196","name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CAAS-IFSTNH-CZCY-2024-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-IFSTNH-CZCY-2024-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CAAS-IFSTNH-CZCY-2024-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-IFSTNH-CZCY-2024-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0313jb750","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid-state fermentation (SSF) can reduce antinutritional factors and improve the nutritional value of plant feed substrates. Here, we characterized mulberry leaves fermented with Ganoderma lucidum and evaluated a 3% dietary inclusion level in aged laying hens. Fermentation increased crude protein by 19.51% and increased total, essential, and branched-chain amino acids. Tannin and phytic acid contents decreased by 31.03% and 19.61%, respectively. After 60 days, the FML group showed a laying rate of 76%, comparable to Con (76%) and UML (74%), and no significant differences were detected in egg quality traits; however, the FML diet significantly reduced egg-yolk cholesterol relative to both Con and UML. Both UML and FML increased serum T-AOC, SOD, and CAT activities and reduced MDA. FML produced greater increases in T-AOC and SOD than UML. UML increased serum IgA, whereas FML increased IgG. Both products reduced serum TC and LDL-C. Thus, G. lucidum-mediated SSF improved the nutritional profile of mulberry leaves and altered selected physiological indices at a 3% dietary inclusion level. Dose\u2013response and mechanistic studies are needed to establish efficacy and practical value. The mechanisms underlying the observed changes in antioxidant status, serum lipid profiles, and immunoglobulin concentrations require further elucidation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:24:03Z","timestamp":1788150243000},"page":"2697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional and Functional Effects of Ganoderma lucidum-Fermented Mulberry Leaves in Aged Laying Hens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8603-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaosen","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jianyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhiding","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanpi County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Cangzhou 061500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7154-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Technology Nutrition and Health (Cangzhou), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Guyonnet, V. (2025). Chapter 2 World egg production and marketing trends. Handbook of Egg Science and Technology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.046","article-title":"A comparison of intestinal integrity, digestive function, and egg quality in laying hens with different ages","volume":"100","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Zhang, K., Han, M., Miao, Z., Liu, C., and Li, J. (2022). Low level of dietary organic trace minerals improved egg quality and modulated the status of eggshell gland and intestinal microflora of laying hens during the late production stage. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.920418"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Wang, Q., Ma, M., Li, Y., Guo, W., Zhang, X., Yang, X., and Qu, L. (2025). Influence of body weight at the end of the brooding period on the productive performance in Hy-Line Brown laying hens from 6 to 72 weeks of age. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091292"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128669","article-title":"Extraction, structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharides from mulberry leaves: A review","volume":"257","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131335","article-title":"Phytochemistry, bioactivities and future prospects of mulberry leaves: A review","volume":"372","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.010","article-title":"Polysaccharides from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf prevents obesity by inhibiting pancreatic lipase in high-fat diet induced mice","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12245-2","article-title":"Mulberry leaf alleviates streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by attenuating NEFA signaling and modulating intestinal microflora","volume":"7","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y., Jiang, X., Yao, X., Zhang, H., Song, Z., He, X., and Cao, R. (2021). Effects of feeding fermented mulberry leaf powder on growth performance, slaughter performance, and meat quality in chicken broilers. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113294"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew350","article-title":"Effects of mulberry leaves on production performance and the potential modulation of antioxidative status in laying hens","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103042","article-title":"Dietary Morus alba L. leaf supplementation improves hepatic lipid accumulation of laying hens via downregulating","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"CircACACA Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Wang, Z.B., Huang, C.X., Wang, D.H., Chang, D.M., Shi, X.W., Zhong, R.Q., Zhang, H., and Zhang, X.Y. (2022). Positive effects of mulberry leaf extract on egg quality, lipid metabolism, serum biochemistry, and antioxidant indices of laying hens. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1005643"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12258","article-title":"Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition","volume":"99","author":"Humer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2577","article-title":"Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health","volume":"86","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480600801837","article-title":"Nutritional quality of leaves of some genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba)","volume":"57","author":"Srivastava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.846","article-title":"Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes","volume":"6","author":"Nkhata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.002","article-title":"Advances in research on solid-state fermented feed and its utilization: The pioneer of private customization for intestinal microorganisms","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-026-00827-2","article-title":"Reframing the substrate as an active process component in fungal solid-state fermentation of foods","volume":"10","author":"Zermatten","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100676","article-title":"The impacts of fermented feed on laying performance, egg quality, immune function, intestinal morphology and microbiota of laying hens in the late laying cycle","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102569","article-title":"Impact of fermented Broussonetia papyrifera on laying performance, egg quality, lipid metabolism, and follicular development of laying hens","volume":"102","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.106275","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented feed and postbiotics on the growth performance, digestibility, serum biochemistry, and caecal microbiota of chickens","volume":"105","author":"Ning","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2026.01.013","article-title":"Fermented corn germ meal modulates intestinal inflammation and influences gut microbial succession in broiler chickens","volume":"26","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.101078","article-title":"Impact of Ganoderma lucidum fermentation on the nutritional composition, structural characterization, metabolites, and antioxidant activity of soybean, sweet potato and Zanthoxylum pericarpium residues","volume":"21","author":"Cen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.117437","article-title":"Solid-state fermentation with Ganoderma lucidum improves nutritional quality and processing characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"217","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"106086","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum fermented grains: Nutritional, functional, and safety aspects","volume":"65","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Bio"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116092","article-title":"Green tea fermented by Ganoderma lucidum presented anti-obesity properties via enhanced thermogenesis in vitro and on C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"207","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"16","article-title":"Effects of Ganoderma lucidum fermentation on the main chemical components in mulberry leaves and the inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidase","volume":"3","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014000200048","article-title":"Improved 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) production in mulberry leaves fermented by microorganism","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131686","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of lignin degradation in Quercus acutissima sawdust during Ganoderma lucidum cultivation","volume":"268","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018). Determination of Crude Protein in Feeds\u2014Kjeldahl Method (Standard No. GB\/T 6432-2018)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2025). Determination of Crude Fat in Feeds (Standard No. GB\/T 6433-2025)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2014). Determination of Moisture in Feedstuffs (Standard No. GB\/T 6435-2014)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2025). Determination of Crude Ash in Feeds (Standard No. GB\/T 6438-2025)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2011). Determination of Tannin in Feeds\u2014Spectrophotometry (Standard No. GB\/T 27985-2011)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110665","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of amino acid availability and peptidomic analysis of alternative proteins from different sources under dynamic in vitro protein digestion","volume":"159","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Effects of mulberry leaf powder on production performance and cecal microbiota structure in laying hens","volume":"57","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. South. Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2020). Compound Feed for Laying Hens and Broilers (Standard No. GB\/T 5916 2020)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2026.116685","article-title":"Fermentation of wheat bran by edible fungal mycelium: A pathway to high-quality protein for sustainable ruminant feed","volume":"335","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110284","article-title":"Review of the beneficial and anti-nutritional qualities of phytic acid, and procedures for removing it from food products","volume":"143","author":"Feizollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.010","article-title":"Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition","volume":"135","author":"Selle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.46.169","article-title":"Role of dietary methionine in poultry production","volume":"46","author":"Bunchasak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102140","article-title":"Understanding the interactive effects of dietary leucine with isoleucine and valine in the modern commercial broiler","volume":"101","author":"Kriseldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0269-0","article-title":"Amino acids: Metabolism, functions, and nutrition","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55410-2","article-title":"Ziziphus leaves, probiotic, and fermented red mold rice reduce egg yolk cholesterol and sustain laying performance in hens","volume":"16","author":"Surrayai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.14010","article-title":"Effects of mulberry leaf powder water extract supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, meat quality and intestinal microbiota of yellow feather broilers","volume":"108","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.118969","article-title":"Impact of Ganoderma lucidum fermentation and micro-pressure pulping on the structure, metabolism, and bioactivity of sugarcane bagasse","volume":"233","author":"Cen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.102283","article-title":"Dynamic changes of nutrients, isoflavone composition and antioxidant activities during liquid-state fermentation of soybean embryo homogenate by Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103998","article-title":"Positive effects and mechanism of mulberry leaf extract on alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.039","article-title":"Mulberry leaf polysaccharide supplementation contributes to enhancing the respiratory mucosal barrier immune response in Newcastle disease virus-vaccinated chicks","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155082","article-title":"Fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum and Raphani Semen with a probiotic mixture attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression through microbiota-dependent or -independent regulation of intestinal mucosal barrier and immune responses","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145318","article-title":"Effects of Ganoderma spent substrate containing with polysaccharides and triterpenoids on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity level of chickens","volume":"318","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio Macromol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/17\/2697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:33:03Z","timestamp":1788323583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/17\/2697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16172697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16172697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}