{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:13:19Z","timestamp":1788228799302,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sacubitril\/valsartan is an angiotensin receptor\u2013neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) widely used in human heart failure and has demonstrated potential cardiorenal and neurohormonal effects in experimental canine studies. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that acts at a more distal segment of the nephron than furosemide. Its addition to loop diuretic therapy may enhance sodium and fluid excretion through sequential nephron blockade and thereby improve the diuretic response in cases of refractory congestion. However, information regarding the combination of these two drugs in cats with congestive heart failure is lacking. This report describes the long-term clinical outcome of a cat with recurrent cardiogenic pleural effusion treated with sacubitril\/valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide. A 14-year-old spayed female Persian-cross cat was referred for severe respiratory distress caused by recurrent pleural effusion. Echocardiography identified advanced cardiomyopathy with a nonspecific phenotype and overlapping hypertrophic and restrictive features, including focal basal septal hypertrophy, biatrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation and spontaneous echocardiographic contrast. Despite conventional treatment, which included pimobendan, torasemide, and antithrombotic medications, the cat experienced multiple episodes of pleural effusion over the following months, requiring repeated thoracocentesis. Consequently, the treatment regimen was expanded to include sacubitril\/valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide. According to the owner, all other cardiac medications were discontinued approximately one week later without veterinary consultation. At long-term follow-up approximately two years after sacubitril\/valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide therapy initiation, the cat remained clinically stable, with no further episodes of respiratory distress. Echocardiography revealed persistent severe structural heart disease, although improved left ventricular systolic indices were observed. This case report describes prolonged clinical stabilization in a cat with advanced cardiomyopathy and recurrent congestive heart failure following the administration of sacubitril\/valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide over a two-year period. Whether this outcome reflects a specific effect of sacubitril\/valsartan, the addition of hydrochlorothiazide, or a combination of both cannot be determined from a single observation. Nonetheless, the duration and completeness of the response observed here warrant prospective evaluation of combination of ARNI therapy and hydrochlorothiazide in cats with refractory congestive heart failure. Further studies are needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of this approach in feline cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"2701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Control of Refractory Cardiogenic Pleural Effusion in a Cat Treated with Sacubitril\/Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6974-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0103lina-Cristina","family":"Maftei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Marina","family":"Sc\u00eentei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorin Ioan","family":"Beschea Chiriac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile","family":"Vulpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7054-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Andrei","family":"Baisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211021819","article-title":"The Feline Cardiomyopathies: 1. 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