{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:24:07Z","timestamp":1788337447331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["PIA1-CE2025-03."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIA1-CE2025-03."]}]},{"award":["PIA1-CE2025-03."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIA1-CE2025-03."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04m5pzk31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise physiology in Colombian Creole Horses remains poorly characterized despite the breed\u2019s extensive use in athletic activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate exercise-induced changes in blood biochemical and gas parameters and to determine whether these responses differed according to sex, geographic origin, or gait modality. An analytical observational study with repeated measures was conducted in 76 athletic CCHs. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein at rest and immediately after exercise to measure acid\u2013base indicators (pH, carbon dioxide pressure, bicarbonate), electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride), and metabolic variables (glucose, lactate, creatinine). Within-subject comparisons were performed to quantify exercise-induced changes, and subgroup analyses were conducted by sex, geographic region, and gait modality. Exercise resulted in physiologically consistent responses, including a mild reduction in pH (\u22120.01), decreases in carbon dioxide pressure (\u22122.39 mmHg) and bicarbonate (\u22121.7 mmol\/L), and a moderate increase in lactate (+2.96 mmol\/L), indicating exercise-associated metabolic acidosis and anaerobic metabolism. Glucose and creatinine also increased modestly, while electrolyte concentrations remained relatively stable. No meaningful differences were detected between sexes or geographic regions. As expected, gait modality significantly influenced acid\u2013base responses, with horses performing trocha exhibiting greater reductions in carbon dioxide pressure and bicarbonate. These findings indicate that gait type modulates the magnitude of exercise-induced acid\u2013base responses in Colombian Creole Horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:53:11Z","timestamp":1788335591000},"page":"2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise-Induced Acid\u2013Base, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Responses in Colombian Creole Horses Across Different Gait Modalities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5527-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Mar\u00eda","family":"Zuluaga-Cabrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Cuidado Animal (GISCA), Faculty of Zootechnics and Veterinary Medicine, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Medell\u00edn 050031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9490-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Escobar-Riomalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Cuidado Animal (GISCA), Faculty of Zootechnics and Veterinary Medicine, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Medell\u00edn 050031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9601-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Giraldo-Arboleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Cuidado Animal (GISCA), Faculty of Zootechnics and Veterinary Medicine, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Medell\u00edn 050031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7987-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Morales-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Sport Medicine Master Program, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Barbosa da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine School, Barretos Educational Foundation University Center\u2014UNIFEB, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences\u2014FCAV, S\u00e3o Paulo State University J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n Dar\u00edo","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Welfare and Ethology Specialization, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Agraria de Colombia (UNIAGRARIA), Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser Y.","family":"Lenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Veterinary Research Initiative (OHVRI), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Patricia","family":"Arias-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Animales (INCA) Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, CES University, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2021.100185","article-title":"Blood Lactate Concentrations and Heart Rates of Colombian Paso Horses during a Field Exercise Test","volume":"13","author":"Cabrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuluaga-Cabrera, A.M., da Costa, G.B., Martinez, I.D., and Arias, M.P. (2025). Defining the Heart Rate Zone Corresponding to the Lactate Threshold in Colombian Paso Horses. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202510.0254.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"93","article-title":"Effect of High-Intensity Ground and Pool Exercise on Cortisol, Lactate Levels, Heart Rate, and Blood Count in Colombian Paso Horses","volume":"40","year":"2026","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17226","article-title":"Oxygen Consumption, Locomotory-Respiratory Coupling and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Horses during the Paso Fino Gait","volume":"38","author":"Massie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. 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