{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:24:09Z","timestamp":1788337449040,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Roping Bull celebrations involve prolonged physical activity in Lidia cattle and are associated with marked acute hematological, biochemical, and endocrine responses. Previous research has characterized these physiological changes, but less is known about the factors that may explain inter-individual variability in their magnitude. The present study evaluated whether age, previous participation history, and sampling period influence the PRE\u2013POST physiological response of Lidia bulls. A total of 101 adult Lidia bulls were evaluated immediately before and after participation in a standardized 45 min Roping Bull event. Fifty-three bulls (52.4%) had also been included in a previous study in which the physiological variables evaluated in the present investigation had been reported. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted separately for each biomarker, with Time (PRE vs. POST), age group (AGE), previous participation history (RACES), and sampling period (MOMENT) included as fixed effects, together with prespecified interactions with Time. Individual bull was included as a random intercept to account for the repeated PRE\u2013POST measurements. Participation was associated with significant changes in several hematological, biochemical, and endocrine biomarkers, particularly lactate, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, leukocyte variables, cortisol, and ACTH. In contrast, AGE, RACES, and MOMENT showed comparatively limited influence on the magnitude of most PRE\u2013POST responses. Selected Time \u00d7 factor interactions indicated some biomarker-specific inter-individual variability, although these effects were less consistent than the overall Time effect. The present study extends the previous physiological characterization of Lidia bulls by identifying potential factors associated with variability in the acute PRE\u2013POST response. Overall, the physiological response was relatively consistent across age and previous participation categories, although selected interactions indicate that individual and event-related factors may contribute to variation in specific biomarkers. These physiological measurements should not be interpreted in isolation as direct evidence of either preserved or compromised animal welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:53:11Z","timestamp":1788335591000},"page":"2739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Physiological Response Variability in Lidia Bulls Following Roping Bull Celebrations: Effects of Age, Previous Participation, and Sampling Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Julio","family":"Sede\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia-San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5713-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia-San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-2174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Gard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Catholic University of Valencia-San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Montesinos, A. (2002). Prototipos Raciales del Vacuno de Lidia."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"BOE (2001). Real Decreto 60\/2001, de 26 de Enero, Sobre Prototipo Racial de la Raza Bovina de Lidia. Bol. Of. Estado, 13, 5255\u20135261."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lomillos, J.M., and Alonso, M.E. (2020). The Lidia Breed: Management and Medicine. Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"207","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n del sector de la producci\u00f3n del toro de Lidia en Espa\u00f1a. Censos y Ganader\u00edas","volume":"108","year":"2012","journal-title":"ITEA-Inf. Tec. Econ. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2026, August 14). Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Toro de Cuerda. Available online: https:\/\/torodecuerda.es\/socios\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caceres, S., Moreno, J., Crespo, B., Silvan, G., and Illera, J.C. (2023). Physiological Stress Responses in Cattle Used in the Spanish Rodeo. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162654"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"277","article-title":"Modifications h\u00e9matologiques et musculaires pendant la corrida chez le taureau de combat","volume":"146","author":"Purroy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gimsa, U., Tuchscherer, M., and Kanitz, E. (2018). Psychosocial stress and immunity-What can we learn from pig studies?. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00064"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.03.018","article-title":"Influence of intense exercise on acid-base, blood gas and electrolyte status in bulls","volume":"95","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.17221\/2979-VETMED","article-title":"Effects of an aerobic training program on oxidative stress biomarkers in bulls","volume":"55","author":"Escribano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escalera-Valente, F., Alonso, M.E., Lomillos-P\u00e9rez, J.M., Gaudioso-Lacasa, V.R., Alonso, A.J., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Monta\u00f1a, J.R. (2021). Blood Biochemical Variables Found in Lidia Cattle after Intense Exercise. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102866"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"59","article-title":"Muscular lesions and enzymatic activities in fighting bulls","volume":"23","author":"Purroy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rech. Vet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sede\u00f1o, J., Ruiz, S., Mart\u00edn, G., and Gard\u00f3n, J.C. (2025). Hematological, Enzymatic, and Endocrine Response to Intense Exercise in Lidia Breed Cattle During the Roping Bull Celebration. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152303"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(90)90180-Z","article-title":"Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man","volume":"97","author":"Harris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198704040-00003","article-title":"Effect of exercise on serum enzyme activities in humans","volume":"4","author":"Noakes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., and Constable, P.D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, Saunders Ltd.. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(96)00160-6","article-title":"Adaptive metabolic responses in females of the fighting breed submitted to different sequences of stress stimuli","volume":"60","author":"Castro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.10.004","article-title":"Effects of transport and lairage time on some blood constituents of Friesian-cross steers in Chile","volume":"93","author":"Tadich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., and Bruss, M.L. (2008). Clinical enzymology. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Academic Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2924","article-title":"Lactate production under fully aerobic conditions: The lactate shuttle during rest and exercise","volume":"45","author":"Brooks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldm014","article-title":"Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine","volume":"81","author":"Brancaccio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.004","article-title":"Muscle conditions affecting sport horses","volume":"34","author":"Valberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113000955","article-title":"Haematological and biochemical reference values for the Spanish Purebred horse","volume":"7","author":"Escribano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Torres, S., Cabeza de Vaca, M., Tejerina, D., Romero-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.P., Ortiz, A., Franco, D., Sentandreu, M.A., and Oliv\u00e1n, M. (2021). Assessment of stress by serum biomarkers in calves and their relationship to ultimate pH as an indicator of meat quality. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082291"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03546745","article-title":"The effect of exercise on blood parameters in standardbred and Finnish-bred horses","volume":"24","author":"Soveri","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.04.002","article-title":"The effect of transport by road and sea on physiology, immunity and behaviour of beef cattle","volume":"92","author":"Earley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106","article-title":"Stress and disorders of the stress system","volume":"5","author":"Chrousos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moberg, G.P., and Mench, J.A. (2000). Biological response to stress: Implications for animal welfare. The Biology of Animal Stress, CABI Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993591.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kareklas, K., Kunc, H.P., and Arnott, G. (2021). Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: Insights from territoriality under artificial noise. Front. Zool., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00397-x"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"55","article-title":"How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions","volume":"21","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(02)00005-6","article-title":"The endocrine system and the challenge of exercise","volume":"18","author":"McKeever","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05552.x","article-title":"Hormone response to training and competition in athletic horses","volume":"38","author":"Cayado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0762","article-title":"Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress","volume":"86","author":"Sporer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.06.025","article-title":"Innate immune responses of temperamental and calm cattle after transportation","volume":"143","author":"Hulbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Napolitano, F., Strappini, A., Orihuela, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos, I., Mora-Medina, P., and Velarde, A. (2021). Quality of Death in Fighting Bulls during Bullfights: Neurobiology and Physiological Responses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102820"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13483","article-title":"Bruising in slaughter cattle and its relationship with creatine kinase levels and beef quality as affected by animal related factors","volume":"27","author":"Mpakama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"645","article-title":"Circulating \u03b2-endorphin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol levels of horses before and after competitive show jumping with different fence heights","volume":"12","author":"Ferlazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"999","article-title":"Relation entre la fr\u00e9quence des chutes et diff\u00e9rents param\u00e8tres h\u00e9matologiques chez le taureau de combat","volume":"148","author":"Alonso","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.8.1097","article-title":"Assessment of alterations in triglyceride and glycogen concentrations in muscle tissue of Alaskan sled dogs during repetitive prolonged exercise","volume":"69","author":"McKenzie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3304","article-title":"Cattle temperament: Persistence of assessments and associations with productivity, efficiency, carcass and meat quality traits","volume":"89","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-055","article-title":"Technical note: Exit velocity as a measure of cattle temperament is repeatable and associated with serum concentration of cortisol in Brahman bulls","volume":"84","author":"Curley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.754892x","article-title":"Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments","volume":"75","author":"Voisinet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.751249x","article-title":"Assessment of stress during handling and transport","volume":"75","author":"Grandin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8385","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12796","article-title":"Behavioral and patho-physiological response as possible signs of pain in dairy cows during Escherichia coli mastitis: A pilot study","volume":"100","author":"Faure","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa375","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa375","article-title":"Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain","volume":"99","author":"Cramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurkovich, V., Hejel, P., and Kovacs, L. (2024). A Review of the Effects of Stress on Dairy Cattle Behaviour. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142038"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/17\/2739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:06:46Z","timestamp":1788336406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/17\/2739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16172739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16172739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}