{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:18:24Z","timestamp":1788499104294,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K143077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K143077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["K143077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K143077"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D25CA-039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D25CA-039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["D25CA-039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D25CA-039"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pg13f04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EK\u00d6P-25-3-I-ELTE-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-25-3-I-ELTE-147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EK\u00d6P-26-3-I-ELTE-2026012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-26-3-I-ELTE-2026012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["EK\u00d6P-25-3-I-ELTE-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-25-3-I-ELTE-147"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ey3ab96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["EK\u00d6P-26-3-I-ELTE-2026012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-26-3-I-ELTE-2026012"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ey3ab96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The original function of many dog breeds no longer fits the requirements of an easy-going companion. Caretakers can also be overdemanding regarding their dogs\u2019 ability to cope with societal expectations. We propose and evaluate four strategies for readjusting the dog\u2013human relationship by highlighting their positive and negative outcomes. (1) \u2018Converge\u2019: dog breeds should be changed towards the amicable dog\u2019s behavioural characteristics; thus, once the goal is reached, even novice dog owners can safely own almost any dog they fancy. (2) \u2018Diverge\u2019: the original behavioural\/temperament traits of dog breeds should be fortified through stabilizing selection. This method emphasizes dog owners\u2019 responsibility when choosing among the various dog breeds. (3) \u2018Split\u2019: a combination of the previous two, when clearly distinct and reliable companion and working types are selected within the same breed. (4) \u2018Merge\u2019: we should create new \u2018urban dog breeds\u2019. This method would provide \u2018foolproof\u2019 companion dog variants and at the same time relies on the prospective owners\u2019 responsibility to choose their dog wisely. We provide a critical assessment of potential positive and negative features of each strategy, including ethical and feasibility concerns. Biologists should provide a scientific background to support a solution that favours the needs of both species in coexistence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:57:23Z","timestamp":1788346643000},"page":"2757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dog Breeds for the Future: Theoretical Assessment of Strategies for Enhancing the Behavioural Reliability of Existing Dog Breeds, or Developing New Ideal Urban Companion Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Pongr\u00e1cz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ethology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4615-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Dobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ethology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Pride and pedigree: The evolution of the Victorian dog fancy","volume":"29","author":"Ritvo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vict. 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