{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:09:03Z","timestamp":1788858543031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32170473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32170473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170473"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Project","award":["25JCQNJC00080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JCQNJC00080"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007942","name":"Tianjin Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202510065046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510065046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["202510065046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510065046"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05x2td559","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chironomids are abundant aquatic macroinvertebrates with known pollutant tolerance, but the molecular effects of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) remain unclear. In this study, we exposed Propsilocerus akamusi larvae to LC10 and LC50 of CAP, sampled at 48 h and 144 h, and integrated biochemical assays, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to profile stress responses. Our results showed that CAP elevated antioxidant enzymes and protein carbonyls, indicating severe oxidation, especially at LC50. At 48 h, LC10 activated JNK-mediated antioxidative and drug metabolism pathways, whereas LC50 altered glycolysis, cofactor biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism. At 144 h, LC10 enriched proteasome and oxidative phosphorylation pathways; chaperones PaHsp70 and PaHsp90 were upregulated by 4.14- and 2.08-fold, respectively, and were negatively correlated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolites, indicating a metabolic shift toward protein repair. In contrast, LC50 CAP triggered protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and TCA cycle dysregulation, with upregulation of PaCalreticulin linked to energy crisis markers, reflecting severe energy collapse. After knockdown of PaHsp70, the survival rates of chironomid larvae exposed to LC10 and LC50 CAP significantly decreased from 80.8% to 65.8% and from 43.3% to 28.3%, respectively. Collectively, our results revealed that low CAP concentrations triggered early detoxification followed by proteasome- and Hsp-mediated strategies to sustain protein homeostasis whereas high concentrations directly disrupted core metabolism and ultimately caused energy collapse and lethal ER stress in chironomid larvae. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the chronic effects of CAP on aquatic insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"2779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Time-Series Biochemical, Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Key Pathways and Concentration-Dependent Transitions in Chironomid Larvae (Propsilocerus akamusi) Under Chlorantraniliprole Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiani","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Runze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chuncai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zeyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2020.105474","article-title":"Drip application of chlorantraniliprole effectively controls invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its distribution in maize in China","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batool, N., Abubakar, M., Noureldeen, A., Naqqash, M.N., Alghamdi, A., Al Dhafar, Z.M., Baakdah, F., and Mozuratis, R. 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