{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1788775895870,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Committee of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP26194317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26194317"]}]},{"award":["AP26194317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26194317"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the genomic basis of environmental adaptation is essential for the conservation and genetic improvement of domestic camels. In this study, we investigated the population structure, genetic diversity, and genomic variation potentially associated with environmental adaptation of Kazakh dromedary and Bactrian camels using whole-genome sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing data were generated for Kazakh camels (15 dromedaries and 16 Bactrian camels) and integrated with 131 publicly available genomes representing camel populations from the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Mongolian wild camels. Population structure, genetic diversity, and genome-wide selection were evaluated using principal component analysis, ADMIXTURE, nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, runs of homozygosity, genomic inbreeding (FROH), and selection scans based on FST, \u03b8\u03c0 ratio, and XP-EHH. Population genomic analyses revealed clear differentiation between dromedary and Bactrian camels, whereas Kazakh camel populations exhibited higher nucleotide diversity (\u03b8\u03c0 = 1.307\u20131.551 \u00d7 10\u22123), and lower genomic inbreeding (median FROH: 0.037\u20130.056) than Arabian populations. Genome-wide selection analyses identified MC4R as the prominent candidate gene in Kazakh dromedaries and RYR1 as a prominent candidate gene in Kazakh Bactrian camels. Functional enrichment analyses highlighted pathways related to energy metabolism, thermogenesis, calcium signaling, skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress response. These findings provide new insights into genomic variation potentially associated with environmental adaptation in Kazakh camels and offer valuable genomic resources for future conservation, breeding, and evolutionary studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Population Structure, Genetic Diversity, and Selection Signatures in Kazakh Dromedary and Bactrian Camels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhannur","family":"Niyazbekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zooengineering, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7424-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cai-Yue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nursultan","family":"Makhanbetuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zooengineering, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuanysh","family":"Kassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Center, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9822-6769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, 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Zooengineering, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kanat","family":"Orynkhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zooengineering, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yessengali","family":"Ussenbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zooengineering, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6907-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengting","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5133-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, 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