{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:11:41Z","timestamp":1788775901731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202401ZY0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202401ZY0025"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202601ZY0136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202601ZY0136"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Plateau Discipline Construction and Talent Training Project of Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University","award":["YJSXK202614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSXK202614"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although mixed viral infections are increasingly recognized as contributors to bovine diarrhea syndrome, diagnosing such co-infections remains challenging, particularly in high-altitude regions where surveillance is limited. In July 2024, a calf presenting with severe diarrhea and respiratory distress was identified on a cattle farm in Linzhi, Xizang, China. Using unbiased whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the fecal sample, we assembled near-complete genomes of three distinct RNA viruses: two bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) strains (subtypes 1v and 1q, designated BVDV-1\/XZ87 and XZ87), one bovine enterovirus (genotype EV-E, designated BEV\/XZ87), and one caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV3\/XZ87). The CPIV3\/XZ87 genome exhibited 99.9% nucleotide identity to the goat-derived GS2017-2 strain from Jiangsu, China, raising the possibility of viral spread through livestock trade. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed the presence of all three pathogens (Ct values: 24.78 for BEV, 25.98 for CPIV3, and 31.28 for BVDV). This study provides the genomic evidence of a triple co-infection involving BVDV-1, BEV, and CPIV3 in Xizang. It illustrates the potential of WGS for unbiased pathogen detection in complex clinical specimens. The near-complete genomes generated here fill critical gaps in the virological surveillance of this epidemiologically under-sampled high-altitude region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16172805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Co-Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Enterovirus, and Caprine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in a Calf from a Cattle Herd in Xizang, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0671-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Hydatid Disease in Xizang (Co-Constructed by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 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Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Guotai Technology Innovation Center for Veterinary Biological Products (Taizhou), Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety\u2014State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 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