{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:09:06Z","timestamp":1788858546980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteomics, the study of the structure and function of proteins, has been used to investigate candidate biomarkers and study the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biomarkers may be useful in diagnosing, monitoring and assessing treatment responses. This review provides an overview of proteomic techniques, describes the workflow and pipeline for biomarker discovery, and evaluates the current literature on proteomic studies in veterinary gastroenterology in dogs and cats. Current studies in this field are advancing our understanding of disease pathophysiology in conditions such as chronic enteropathy (CE). For biomarker development, proteomic research in veterinary gastroenterology is still in the early discovery phase. Substantial work on verification and validation is required before proteomic biomarkers can be reliably translated into clinical practice in companion animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:10:22Z","timestamp":1788855022000},"page":"2814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteomics in Gastrointestinal Diseases of Companion Animals: Current State and Knowledge Gaps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-8311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9443-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Ruaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v10i4.9","article-title":"What are the potential biomarkers that should be considered in diagnosing and managing canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies?","volume":"10","author":"Sacoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"203","article-title":"Chronic Enteropathy in Canines: Prevalence, Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Dandrieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15247","article-title":"Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs","volume":"32","author":"Heilmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426954","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1426954","article-title":"Application of Proteomics to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"2019","author":"Assadsangabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813502819","article-title":"Proteomics in veterinary medicine: Applications and trends in disease pathogenesis and diagnostics","volume":"51","author":"Ceciliani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.12.026","article-title":"Proteomics in dogs: A systematic review","volume":"143","author":"Rubio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hisamatsu, T., Okamoto, S., Hashimoto, M., Muramatsu, T., Andou, A., Uo, M., Kitazume, M.T., Matsuoka, K., Yajima, T., and Inoue, N. (2012). Novel, objective, multivariate biomarkers composed of plasma amino acid profiles for the diagnosis and assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031131"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa230","article-title":"Serum proteomic profiling at diagnosis predicts clinical course, and need for intensification of treatment in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Kalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69746-w","article-title":"Spp24 is associated with endocytic signalling, lipid metabolism, and discrimination of tissue integrity for \u2018leaky-gut\u2019 in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Wasinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M115.055095","article-title":"Low Mass Blood Peptides Discriminative of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Severity: A Quantitative Proteomic Perspective","volume":"15","author":"Wasinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.066506","article-title":"Serological Epithelial Component Proteins Identify Intestinal Complications in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Yau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21442","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of mucosal and submucosal colonic tissues yields protein signatures that differentiate the inflammatory colitides","volume":"17","author":"Seeley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201200107","article-title":"Proteomic patterns of colonic mucosal tissues delineate Crohn\u2019s colitis and ulcerative colitis","volume":"7","author":"Seeley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060433m","article-title":"Differential protein expression profile in the intestinal epithelium from patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Shkoda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2012.16.3.193","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of colonic mucosal tissue from tuberculous and ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"16","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100969w","article-title":"Evaluation of p38 MAPK pathway as a molecular signature in ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabian, O., Bajer, L., Drastich, P., Harant, K., Sticova, E., Daskova, N., Modos, I., Tichanek, F., and Cahova, M. (2023). A Current State of Proteomics in Adult and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Search and Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119386"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16682","article-title":"Serum proteome of dogs with chronic enteropathy","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gegner, H.M., Naake, T., Dugourd, A., Muller, T., Czernilofsky, F., Kliewer, G., Jager, E., Helm, B., Kunze-Rohrbach, N., and Klingmuller, U. (2022). Pre-analytical processing of plasma and serum samples for combined proteome and metabolome analysis. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.961448"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900029","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201900029","article-title":"Targeted and Untargeted Proteomics Approaches in Biomarker Development","volume":"20","author":"Sobsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90250-2","article-title":"Proteomic analysis-based discovery of a novel biomarker that differentiates intestinal Behcet\u2019s disease from Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24235-0","article-title":"Predicting disease course in ulcerative colitis using stool proteins identified through an aptamer-based screen","volume":"12","author":"Soomro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"19","article-title":"Principles and applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical biochemistry","volume":"30","author":"Pitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200003","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202200003","article-title":"Proteomic and lipidomic biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Ronkowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i7.696","article-title":"Proteomic insights on the metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Pisani","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v12.i5.57","article-title":"Proteomics: Concepts and applications in human medicine","volume":"12","author":"Alshekaili","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v7.i1.27","article-title":"Current application of proteomics in biomarker discovery for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201500004","article-title":"Applications of targeted proteomics in systems biology and translational medicine","volume":"15","author":"Ebhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.245","article-title":"Pre-analytical and analytical variability in absolute quantitative MRM-based plasma proteomic studies","volume":"5","author":"Percy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safari, F., Kehelpannala, C., Safarchi, A., Batarseh, A.M., and Vafaee, F. (2023). Biomarker Reproducibility Challenge: A Review of Non-Nucleotide Biomarker Discovery Protocols from Body Fluids in Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102780"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locatelli, C., Piras, C., Riscazzi, G., Alloggio, I., Spalla, I., Soggiu, A., Greco, V., Bonizzi, L., Roncada, P., and Brambilla, P.G. (2017). Serum proteomic profiles in CKCS with Mitral valve disease. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0951-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.01.003","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic profiling for cancer diagnosis in dogs","volume":"215","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800136","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201800136","article-title":"Proteomics and Leishmaniasis: Potential Clinical Applications","volume":"13","author":"Mule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"101","article-title":"Specificity of mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) in the diagnosis of Babesia canis regarding to other canine vector-borne diseases","volume":"62","author":"Dziegiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.148","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained from West Highland White Terriers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, dogs with chronic bronchitis, and healthy dogs","volume":"74","author":"Palviainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2017.05.002","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Synovial Fluid Obtained From a Dog Diagnosed With Idiopathic Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.02.005","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the somatic and surface compartments from Dirofilaria immitis adult worms","volume":"203","author":"Morchon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tvarijonaviciute, A., Ceron, J.J., de Torre, C., Ljubic, B.B., Holden, S.L., Queau, Y., Morris, P.J., Pastor, J., and German, A.J. (2016). Obese dogs with and without obesity-related metabolic dysfunction\u2014A proteomic approach. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0839-9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000831","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in canine cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"40","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.03.007","article-title":"Serum proteome profiling in canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy using TMT-based quantitative proteomics approach","volume":"179","author":"Bilic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.05.010","article-title":"Urinary peptidome analyses for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in dogs","volume":"249","author":"Pelander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence, Y.A., Dangott, L.J., Rodrigues-Hoffmann, A., Steiner, J.M., Suchodolski, J.S., and Lidbury, J.A. (2018). Proteomic analysis of liver tissue from dogs with chronic hepatitis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208394"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2021.104452","article-title":"Faecal proteomics in the identification of biomarkers to differentiate canine chronic enteropathies","volume":"254","author":"Horvatic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugawara-Suda, M., Morishita, K., Ichii, O., Namba, T., Aoshima, K., Kagawa, Y., Kim, S., Hosoya, K., Yokoyama, N., and Sasaki, N. (2023). Transcriptome and proteome analysis of dogs with precursor targeted immune-mediated anemia treated with splenectomy. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285415"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2023.105034","article-title":"Quantitative serum proteome analysis using tandem mass tags in dogs with epilepsy","volume":"290","author":"Baka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103997","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid using tandem mass tags in dogs with recurrent epileptic seizures","volume":"231","author":"Baka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerquetella, M., Mangiaterra, S., Pinnella, F., Rossi, G., Marchegiani, A., Gavazza, A., Serri, E., Di Cerbo, A., Marini, C., and Cecconi, D. (2023). Fecal Proteome Profile in Dogs Suffering from Different Hepatobiliary Disorders and Comparison with Controls. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142343"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2023.106825","article-title":"Changes of the salivary and serum proteome in canine hypothyroidism","volume":"86","author":"Rubio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Martinez, L., Gelemanovic, A., Horvatic, A., Contreras-Aguilar, M.D., Mrljak, V., Ceron, J.J., Martinez-Subiela, S., and Tvarijonaviciute, A. (2020). The Serum and Saliva Proteome of Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122261"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in salivary analytes in canine parvovirus: A high-resolution quantitative proteomic study","volume":"60","author":"Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12470652","article-title":"Feline degenerative joint disease: A genomic and proteomic approach","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.01.023","article-title":"The effect of chronic kidney disease on the urine proteome in the domestic cat (Felis catus)","volume":"204","author":"Ferlizza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e45","article-title":"Serum proteomics analysis of feline mammary carcinoma based on label-free and PRM techniques","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"184","article-title":"A comparative proteomic study of plasma in feline pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify diagnostic biomarkers: A pilot study","volume":"79","author":"Meachem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16743","article-title":"Serum proteome profiles in cats with chronic enteropathies","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16003","article-title":"Characterization of the intestinal mucosal proteome in cats with inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary small cell lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Marsilio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerquetella, M., Mangiaterra, S., Rossi, G., Gavazza, A., Marchegiani, A., Sagratini, G., Ricciutelli, M., Angeloni, S., Fioretti, L., and Marini, C. (2023). Fecal Protein Profile in Eight Dogs Suffering from Acute Uncomplicated Diarrhea before and after Treatment. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030233"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, L., Kuropka, B., Doulidis, P.G., Baszler, E., Martin, L., Rosu, A., Kulmer, L., Frizzo Ramos, C., Rodriguez-Rojas, A., and Burgener, I.A. (2024). Plasma proteome signature of canine acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS). PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297924"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107140","article-title":"Intestine proteomic and metabolomic alterations in dogs infected with Toxocara canis","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jergens, A.E., and Heilmann, R.M. (2022). Canine chronic enteropathy-Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.923013"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15345","article-title":"Narrative review of therapies for chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats","volume":"33","author":"Makielski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11474-0","article-title":"Properdin, transcortin and HGFAC are novel plasma biomarkers in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies from active disease to remission","volume":"15","author":"Doulidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742401","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2742401","article-title":"Fecal Proteomic Analysis in Healthy Dogs and in Dogs Suffering from Food Responsive Diarrhea","volume":"2019","author":"Cerquetella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15406","article-title":"Comparative pathophysiology and management of protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"33","author":"Craven","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15571","article-title":"Diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"33","author":"Gow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, G., Gavazza, A., Vincenzetti, S., Mangiaterra, S., Galosi, L., Marchegiani, A., Pengo, G., Sagratini, G., Ricciutelli, M., and Cerquetella, M. (2021). Clinicopathological and Fecal Proteome Evaluations in 16 Dogs Presenting Chronic Diarrhea Associated with Lymphangiectasia. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100242"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13332","article-title":"Feline chronic enteropathy","volume":"62","author":"Marsilio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basak, S. (2026). AI and Machine Learning for Proteomics-Driven Drug Discovery: Methods, Tools, and Best Practices. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 48.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48050532"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2013.0017","article-title":"Application of machine learning to proteomics data: Classification and biomarker identification in postgenomics biology","volume":"17","author":"Swan","year":"2013","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katajamaa, M., and Oresic, M. (2005). Processing methods for differential analysis of LC\/MS profile data. BMC Bioinform., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-179"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(19991201)20:18<3551::AID-ELPS3551>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Probability-based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data","volume":"20","author":"Perkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabrowska, J., and Sroka, J. (2025). A Multi-Omics Perspective on Tritrichomonas foetus: From Genomics to Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178343"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14875","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Barko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aalaf017","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf017","article-title":"ACVIM-endorsed statement: Consensus statement and systematic review on guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Heilmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2024.100763","article-title":"The Landscape and Perspectives of the Human Gut Metaproteomics","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2023.2215440","article-title":"Advances in the clinical use of metaproteomics","volume":"20","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101738","article-title":"Integrating multi-omics to unravel host-microbiome interactions in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/18\/2814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:27:58Z","timestamp":1788856078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/18\/2814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16182814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16182814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}