{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:05:50Z","timestamp":1789189550372,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024T170965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023M734333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M734333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024T170965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170965"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023M734333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M734333"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32472929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32172757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32472929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472929"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32172757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172757"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province","award":["25CY014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25CY014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During swine gestation, the placenta serves as the sole interface for nutrient, gas, and signaling molecule exchange between the dam and fetuses, and its function critically determines pregnancy outcomes. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)\u2014leucine, isoleucine, and valine\u2014are substrates for protein synthesis, precursors for glutamate and glutathione, and signaling molecules that activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. This review synthesizes current evidence on BCAA transport, catabolism, and signaling in the porcine placenta, organized around four mechanistic axes: transporter-mediated transplacental transfer, local catabolism supporting energy production and antioxidant defense, mTORC1-dependent regulation of growth and differentiation, and modulation of endocrine and immune homeostasis. Both deficiency and excess of BCAAs compromise placental function, contributing to intrauterine growth restriction and metabolic programming abnormalities through a U-shaped dose\u2013response relationship. Critical knowledge gaps remain, including the reliance on rodent and in vitro models, the absence of standardized supplementation protocols and dose\u2013response data, unaddressed confounders (parity, litter size, environment), and the lack of formal power analyses or meta-analytic synthesis. We propose precision dietary strategies to optimize BCAA supplementation during gestation for improved reproductive performance in swine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:04:57Z","timestamp":1789045497000},"page":"2851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Nutrient Allocation of the Porcine Placenta: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4855-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-0145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinjian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 571100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kejun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruimin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Muyuan United Industrial Research Institute, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muyuan United Industrial Research Institute, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Muyuan Foods Group Co., Ltd., Nanyang 473000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, M., Wang, X., Li, X., Zhang, M., Shi, L., Hu, P., Zhang, B., Han, X., Wang, K., and Li, X. (2021). Effects of Litter Size and Parity on Farrowing Duration of Landrace x Yorkshire Sows. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010094"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03733A","article-title":"Ferrous-sucrose complex supplementation regulates maternal plasma metabolism and the fecal microbiota composition and improves neonatal immunity and placental glucose transportation by activating the EGF\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathways in sows","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144721","article-title":"HAI-1 regulates placental folds development by influencing trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion in pigs","volume":"749","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118525","article-title":"Network pharmacology analysis of the regulatory effects and mechanisms of ALAE on sow reproduction in vivo and in vitro","volume":"334","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccinni, M.P., Raghupathy, R., Saito, S., and Szekeres-Bartho, J. (2021). Cytokines, Hormones and Cellular Regulatory Mechanisms Favoring Successful Reproduction. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.717808"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114726","article-title":"Toxic effects of maternal cadmium exposure on the metabolism and transport system of amino acids in the maternal livers","volume":"254","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22450","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200677R","article-title":"Early steps of embryo implantation are regulated by exchange of extracellular vesicles between the embryo and the endometrium","volume":"36","author":"Szuszkiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00212-w","article-title":"Molecular characterization of gut microbiome in weaning pigs supplemented with multi-strain probiotics using metagenomic, culturomic, and metabolomic approaches","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karahoda, R., Zaugg, J., Fuenzalida, B., Kallol, S., Moser-Haessig, R., Staud, F., and Albrecht, C. (2022). Trophoblast Differentiation Affects Crucial Nutritive Functions of Placental Membrane Transporters. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.820286"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220245","article-title":"Maternal immune activation in rats induces dysfunction of placental leucine transport and alters fetal brain growth","volume":"136","author":"Kowash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgae207","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae207","article-title":"Trophoblast-specific overexpression of the LAT1 increases transplacental transport of essential amino acids and fetal growth in mice","volume":"3","author":"Rosario","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skad337","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad337","article-title":"Prediction of the daily nutrient requirements of gestating sows based on sensor data and machine-learning algorithms","volume":"101","author":"Durand","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108760","article-title":"Counter-directed leucine gradient promotes amino acid transfer across the human placenta","volume":"96","author":"Zaugg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Winkle, L.J. (2021). Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113154"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25378","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25378","article-title":"Lactylation of BCAT2-K377 Contributes to the Progression of Severe Preeclampsia","volume":"83","author":"Yin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2022.07.004","article-title":"Expression level of immune checkpoint inhibitory factors in preeclampsia","volume":"83","author":"Madadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920201117","article-title":"Atypical protein kinase C iota (PKClambda\/iota) ensures mammalian development by establishing the maternal-fetal exchange interface","volume":"117","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.04.007","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cInducible knockout of syncytin-a leads to poor placental glucose transport in mice\u201d [Placenta 121(2022) 155\u2013163]","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of the frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and regulatory T cells in abortion-prone mice","volume":"220","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, V.F.H., Molck, A.M., Nowak, J., Wohlfarth, M., Nusken, E., Demozay, D., Nusken, K.D., and Bogh, I.B. (2022). Placental nutrient transporters adapt during persistent maternal hypoglycaemia in rats. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265988"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R73","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-21-0179","article-title":"Placental adaptation to maternal malnutrition","volume":"162","author":"Satterfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70069","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.70069","article-title":"Maternal Nutritional Status Governs Fetal Development by Modulating Imprinting Gene GAB1-Mediated Trophoblast Differentiation in the Placenta","volume":"58","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104034","article-title":"Angiogenic imbalance and endothelial dysfunction in the placenta in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Martirosyan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaag002","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaag002","article-title":"The impact of obesity on placental vascular development and function","volume":"32","author":"Ramanlal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190266","article-title":"Placental function in maternal obesity","volume":"134","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210575","article-title":"Placenta-specific Slc38a2\/SNAT2 knockdown causes fetal growth restriction in mice","volume":"135","author":"Vaughan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0320","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells induce expansion of regulatory T cells in abortion-prone mice","volume":"161","author":"Zarnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12681","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15840","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors provide insights into the relevance of LAT1 and LAT2 in materno-foetal amino acid transport","volume":"24","author":"Zaugg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaf374","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf374","article-title":"Cortisol promotes placental glucose and amino acids transport by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz301","article-title":"Regulation of mTORC1 by Small GTPases in Response to Nutrients","volume":"150","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03921-7","article-title":"Inhibition of BCAT1 expression improves recurrent miscarriage by regulating cellular dysfunction and inflammation of trophoblasts","volume":"398","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, J., Zhao, S., Yin, M., Wu, F., Li, J., Zhang, G., Wu, X., Bao, P., Xiong, L., and Song, W. (2022). Differential proteomics of placentas reveals metabolic disturbance and oxidative damage participate yak spontaneous miscarriage during late pregnancy. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03354-w"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.08.003","article-title":"Comprehensive microarray analysis of severe preeclampsia placenta to identify differentially expressed genes, biological pathways, hub genes, and their related non-coding RNAs","volume":"155","author":"Shabani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2025.116701","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis of placental metabolomics and transcriptomics datasets reveals comprehensive insights into the pathophysiology of preeclampsia","volume":"256","author":"Mumcu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.10.006","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to alleviate oxidative stress in sows","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4057","article-title":"A branched-chain amino acid metabolite drives vascular fatty acid transport and causes insulin resistance","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.12.035","article-title":"Implications for miR-339-5p regulation of trophoblast proliferation and migration in placentas associated with porcine intrauterine growth retardation using integrated transcriptome sequencing analysis","volume":"216","author":"Ao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00609-8","article-title":"Maternal supply of cysteamine alleviates oxidative stress and enhances angiogenesis in porcine placenta","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.J., Kang, M., Jin, M.H., Kim, J., Lee, W.K., Roh, S.S., Kang, K.S., Hwang, G.S., Park, S., and Lee, S. (2025). Fermented Porcine Placenta and Its Dipeptides Modulate Cellular Senescence in Human Keratinocytes. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47110941"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.05.010","article-title":"The emerging role of mTORC1 signaling in placental nutrient-sensing","volume":"33","author":"Jansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahid, M.A., Khan, A., Sawali, M.A., Mohamed, O.A., Gharaibeh, A.M., and Agouni, A. (2025). Allosteric Conformational Locking of Sestrin2 by Leucine: An Integrated Computational Analysis of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Recognition and Specificity. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30244791"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2047481","article-title":"KAT7-mediated CANX (calnexin) crotonylation regulates leucine-stimulated MTORC1 activity","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.12.034","article-title":"Pulsatile Leucine Administration during Continuous Enteral Feeding Enhances Skeletal Muscle Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling and Protein Synthesis in a Preterm Piglet Model","volume":"154","author":"Rudar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO04082K","article-title":"Leucine supplementation during late gestation globally alters placental metabolism and nutrient transport via modulation of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in sows","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00794-0","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with 0.4% L-arginine between days 14 and 30 of gestation enhances NO and polyamine syntheses and water transport in porcine placentae","volume":"13","author":"Herring","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Johnson, G.A., Zhou, H., Burghardt, R.C., Bazer, F.W., and Wu, G. (2022). Microarray analysis reveals an important role for dietary L-arginine in regulating global gene expression in porcine placentae during early gestation. Front. Biosci., 27.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2701033"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.005","article-title":"Dietary rumen-protected L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances placental amino acid transport and suppresses angiogenesis and steroid anabolism in underfed pregnant ewes","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"377","article-title":"Induction and endocrine control of parturition in domestic mammals-Part 2-Species-specific aspects and their relevance to the applicability of birth induction procedures","volume":"51","author":"Schuler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.001","article-title":"Placental Function and the Development of Fetal Overgrowth and Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"48","author":"Dumolt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zqaf018","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqaf018","article-title":"Lentivirus-Mediated Trophoblast-Specific Deptor Knockdown Increases Transplacental System A and System L Amino Acid Transport and Fetal Growth in Mice","volume":"6","author":"Kramer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Function"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156492","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting ERK\/NF-kappaB activation in macrophages","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tersigni, C., Meli, F., Neri, C., Iacoangeli, A., Franco, R., Lanzone, A., Scambia, G., and Di Simone, N. (2020). Role of Human Leukocyte Antigens at the Feto-Maternal Interface in Normal and Pathological Pregnancy: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134756"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103792","article-title":"Dynamics of neuropilin1 (Nrp1)-positive thymus-derived and Nrp1-negative peripherally induced paternal antigen specific regulatory T cells in the uterus and spleen during pregnancy in mice","volume":"155","author":"Araishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103135","article-title":"Dynamics of effector and naive Regulatory T cells throughout pregnancy","volume":"140","author":"Shigeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118390","article-title":"ABCA1 plays an anti-inflammatory role by affecting TLR4 at the feto-maternal interface","volume":"259","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Wang, J., Wang, K., Luo, Y., Tang, Q., Liu, X., and Fang, M. (2020). Integrated Analysis of miRNA-mRNA Network Reveals Different Regulatory Patterns in the Endometrium of Meishan and Duroc Sows during Mid-Late Gestation. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030420"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06542-z","article-title":"Placental mTOR signalling links mitochondrial dysfunction, nutrient transport and neonatal beta cell perturbations in mice","volume":"68","author":"Beetch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab006","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab006","article-title":"Improving performance of finishing pigs with added valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan: Validating a meta-analysis model","volume":"99","author":"Kerkaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972562","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/972562","article-title":"Placental amino acids transport in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"2012","author":"Avagliano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8715412","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8715412","article-title":"Placentae for Low Birth Weight Piglets Are Vulnerable to Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Impaired Angiogenesis","volume":"2020","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1113\/JP289970","article-title":"Trophoblast-specific overexpression of Slc7a5 increases fetal amino acid availability and hepatic mTOR signalling and causes increased fetal growth","volume":"604","author":"Rosario","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522002823","article-title":"l-Leucine supplementation reduces growth performance accompanied by changed profiles of plasma amino acids and expression of jejunal amino acid transporters in breast-fed intra-uterine growth-retarded piglets","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118291","article-title":"Bictegravir decreases expression of system L-amino acid transporters and inhibits leucine uptake activity in a human placental cell line","volume":"189","author":"Rasna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111281","article-title":"Maternal PM(2.5) exposure and abnormal placental nutrient transport","volume":"207","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404062121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404062121","article-title":"TFEB safeguards trophoblast syncytialization in humans and mice","volume":"121","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2025.107988","article-title":"Gene dysregulation impairs placental angiogenesis in allogeneic pig pregnancies","volume":"281","author":"Cambra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14357","article-title":"Vascular characterization and morphogenesis in porcine placenta at day 40 of gestation","volume":"58","author":"Fiorimanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Niu, L., Xu, M., Yu, Q., Chen, L., Deng, H., Chen, W., and Che, L. (2025). Soy Isoflavone Supplementation in Sow Diet Enhances Antioxidant Status and Promotes Intestinal Health of Newborn Piglets. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152223"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03203-y","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids regulate intracellular protein turnover in porcine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139917","article-title":"High ammonia exposure regulates lipid metabolism in the pig skeletal muscle via mTOR pathway","volume":"740","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I.V.D., Coelho, D., Prates, J.A.M., Soveral, G., and Lopes, P.A. (2023). Tissue-Specific Variation in Aquaporins and Cytokines Transcriptional Profiles in Piglets being LPS Challenged. Front. Biosci., 28.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2806126"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa346","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa346","article-title":"Effects on nitrogen balance and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids by growing pigs of supplementing isoleucine and valine to diets with adequate or excess concentrations of dietary leucine","volume":"98","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz259","article-title":"Excess dietary leucine in diets for growing pigs reduces growth performance, biological value of protein, protein retention, and serotonin synthesis","volume":"97","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz087","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid interactions in growing pig diets","volume":"3","author":"Cemin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-026-03830-4","article-title":"Metabolic imprinting in trophoblast barrier dysfunction: The role of glucolipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and amino acid transport imbalance","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habibi, M., Goodarzi, P., Shili, C.N., Sutton, J., Wileman, C.M., Kim, D.M., Lin, D., and Pezeshki, A. (2022). A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063300"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, L., Niu, L., Liu, L., Li, M., Huo, W., Deng, H., Chen, W., Pang, L., and Xu, M. (2025). Reduction in within-litter variation of piglet birth weight through dietary supplementation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in sows. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1646332"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Gan, Z., Li, X., Lin, Y., Ma, Q., and Zhou, X. (2026). Soybean oil and leucine in late gestation and lactation improve maternal and offspring lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity: Insights from pig model. Front. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1793347"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1113\/JP290011","article-title":"Methionine adenosyl-transferase 2A promotes placental angiogenesis by regulating VEGF-A translation via the mTORC1 signalling pathway","volume":"604","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E123","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1452","article-title":"Ideal amino acid balance for sows during gestation and lactation","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22842","article-title":"Physiological alterations associated with intrauterine growth restriction in fetal pigs: Causes and insights for nutritional optimization","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23614","article-title":"Preweaning performance in intrauterine growth-restricted piglets: Characteristics and interventions","volume":"90","author":"Ayuso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.12.002","article-title":"Fetal and placental development in early gestation of hyper-prolific sows","volume":"197","author":"Lyderik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Liu, F., Marth, C.D., Green, M.P., Le, H.H., Leury, B.J., Bell, A.W., Dunshea, F.R., and Cottrell, J.J. (2021). Maternal Heat Stress Alters Expression of Genes Associated with Nutrient Transport Activity and Metabolism in Female Placentae from Mid-Gestating Pigs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084147"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky472","article-title":"PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Postnatal consequences of in utero heat stress in pigs","volume":"97","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200715","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200715","article-title":"Silibinin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammation in Porcine Mammary Epithelial Cells via mTOR\/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01232-7","article-title":"Proline-driven metabolic reprogramming promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and oxidative myofiber specification in porcine offspring: A stage-optimized maternal nutritional intervention","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCutcheon, C.R., Caldwell, A., Yang, L., Crisci, E., Pasternak, J.A., and Coyne, C.B. (2025). Defining cellular diversity at the swine maternal-fetal interface using spatial transcriptomics and organoids. PLoS Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003302"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23680","article-title":"RACK1 may participate in placental development at mid-gestation via regulating trophoblast cell proliferation and migration in pigs","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/18\/2851\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:11:09Z","timestamp":1789186269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/18\/2851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16182851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16182851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}