{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:12:26Z","timestamp":1789128746582,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1300804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1300804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University","award":["1041-00109019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1041-00109019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous multi-parameter monitoring is important for characterizing environmental conditions in commercial beef cattle facilities, but sensor performance and system reliability require evaluation under production conditions. This study developed a LoRa-based multi-sensor node for air temperature, relative humidity, CO2, NH3, air speed, and illuminance. Field performance was evaluated at one commercial farm by synchronous comparison with commercial instruments using 1-min paired observations and regression- and agreement-based analyses. Nine prototype nodes were subsequently deployed at three sites for 14-day monitoring periods. Temperature and relative humidity showed the strongest linear relationships with the comparison instruments (R2 = 0.995 and 0.994), followed by illuminance, air speed, and CO2 (R2 = 0.990, 0.863, and 0.773). NH3 showed a weaker relationship (R2 = 0.604), improving after 10-min aggregation; most application-monitoring estimates below 5 ppm were extrapolated rather than validated absolute concentrations. Overall data availability was 99.66%, and continuous monitoring captured temporal patterns in thermal conditions, air quality, local airflow, and illuminance. The evaluation focused on environmental monitoring performance rather than animal-based outcomes. These findings support parameter-specific environmental monitoring and multi-site deployment in commercial beef cattle facilities, with potential for future anomaly detection and environmental control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"2862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field Verification and Multi-Site Deployment of a Multi-Sensor Node for Continuous Environmental Monitoring in Commercial Beef Cattle Facilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9784-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Songyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5643-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengfei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0908-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0305","article-title":"A new heat load index for feedlot cattle","volume":"86","author":"Gaughan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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