{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:06:25Z","timestamp":1789470385735,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/06432\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/06432\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/00772\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00772\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/06432\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/06432\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/00772\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00772\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen and a One Health priority. Despite increasing recognition of wildlife as potential reservoirs, data on C. burnetii circulation in European wild ungulates remain scarce. This study estimated exposure to C. burnetii in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from two major hunting regions in east-central and northeastern Portugal and evaluated the performance of a commercial multi-species ELISA in these hosts. Between 2011 and 2021, 279 serum samples (162 wild boar; 117 red deer) from legally hunted animals in Portugal were tested using an indirect multi-species ELISA using an empirical species-specific threshold derived from a Gaussian mixture model. Overall seroprevalence was 6.8% (CI 95%; 3.4\u201311.8) in wild boar and 13.7% (CI 95%; 8.0\u201321.3) in red deer, with higher exposure in wild boar from Beira Baixa (east-central Portugal) than from Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes (northeastern Portugal). The manufacturer\u2019s ruminant cut-off classified almost no animals as seropositive (0.6% and 2.6%, respectively) and showed slight to fair agreement with the species-specific thresholds, underscoring the need for validated, wildlife-appropriate diagnostic criteria. These findings confirm exposure to C. burnetii in both species, suggesting their possible involvement in local maintenance of the pathogen at the wildlife\u2013livestock\u2013human interface. The results reinforce the value of integrating wildlife surveillance into national Q fever surveillance and control strategies to safeguard both public health and livestock production within a One Health context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"2876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wild Boar and Red Deer as Key Players in Coxiella Burnetii Circulation in the Wildlife\u2013Livestock\u2013Human Interface: Serological Analysis Using a Gaussian Mixture Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Environment for the Climate Change, Hygiene Service, Tondela City Hall, Largo da Rep\u00fablica n\u00ba16, 3460-532 Tondela, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Anast\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cabe\u00e7as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1040-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Department, \u00c9vora University, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Producers Organization for Animal Health Defense in the Municipality of Vinhais, Largo Toural, 5320-311 Vinhais, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Regional Coordination and Development Commission-Licensing Division, Rua Doutor Jo\u00e3o Leonardo n\u00ba 5. Edif\u00edco MAP, 5160-280 Torre de Moncorvo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Vieira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q Fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.4.790","article-title":"Q Fever, a New Fever Entity: Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Laboratory Investigation","volume":"5","author":"Derrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00288-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q Fever in Southeast Europe for a 20-Year Period (2002\u20132021)","volume":"14","author":"Pustahija","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.03.013","article-title":"Culture-Negative Prosthetic Joint Arthritis Related to Coxiella Burnetii","volume":"127","author":"Million","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"42","article-title":"Epidemiology and Public Health Implications of Q Fever","volume":"4","author":"Hadush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, N.J., and Soares Magalhaes, R.J. (2018). Airborne Geographical Dispersal of Q Fever from Livestock Holdings to Human Communities: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Evidence. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3135-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canevari, J.T., Firestone, S.M., Vincent, G., Campbell, A., Tan, T., Muleme, M., Cameron, A.W.N., and Stevenson, M.A. (2018). The Prevalence of Coxiella Burnetii Shedding in Dairy Goats at the Time of Parturition in an Endemically Infected Enterprise and Associated Milk Yield Losses. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1667-x"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320182312.27772016","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii and Q Fever in Brazil: A Public Health Issue","volume":"23","author":"Damasceno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cienc. Saude Colet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00893.x","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii Vaginal Shedding and Antibody Responses in Dairy Goat Herds in a Context of Clinical Q Fever Outbreaks","volume":"64","author":"Rousset","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0503","article-title":"Q Fever in the United States: Summary of Case Reports from Two National Surveillance Systems, 2000\u20132012","volume":"92","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, Q., Jamil, T., Saqib, M., Iqbal, M., and Neubauer, H. (2022). Q Fever-a Neglected Zoonosis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081530"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100208","article-title":"Molecular Prevalence of Coxiella Burnetii in Bulk-Tank Milk from Bovine Dairy Herds: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Rabaza","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100667","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Global Q Fever Outbreaks","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authority, European Food Safety, European Centre for Disease Prevention, and Control (2024). The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 22, e9106.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9106"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13085","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii in Wild Mammals: A Systematic Review","volume":"66","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2026.106060","article-title":"Q Fever in the 21st Century: Uncovering Diagnostic, Epidemiological, and One Health Gaps in a Re-Emerging Zoonosis","volume":"201","author":"Jemilehin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e19018","article-title":"Q Fever: An Emerging Reality in Portugal","volume":"13","author":"Nascimento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, H., Cardoso, L., Lopes, A.P., Fontes, M.D.C., Matos, M., Pintado, C., Figueira, L., Mesquita, J.R., Matos, A.C., and Coelho, A.C. (2023). Seropositivity for Coxiella Burnetii in Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa) and Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) in Portugal. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030421"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068129","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1068129","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii in Ticks, Livestock, Pets and Wildlife: A Mini-Review","volume":"9","author":"Celina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authority, European Food Safety, European Centre for Disease Prevention, and Control (2025). The European Union One Health 2024 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 23, e9759.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9759"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, S.A.J., and Silva, G. (2017). Coxiella Burnetii in European Game Species: Challenges for Human Health. The Principles and Practice of Q Fever\u2014The One Health Pqradigm, Nova Biomedical."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46151-9","article-title":"Ecological Countermeasures to Prevent Pathogen Spillover and Subsequent Pandemics","volume":"15","author":"Plowright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.046","article-title":"Molecular Investigation of the Occurrence of Coxiella Burnetii in Wildlife and Ticks in an Endemic Area","volume":"147","author":"Astobiza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.02.014","article-title":"On the Possible Role of Ticks in the Eco-Epidemiology of Coxiella Burnetii in a Mediterranean Ecosystem","volume":"9","author":"Zuddas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.05.028","article-title":"Evidence of Exposure to Coxiella Burnetii in Neotropical Free-Living Cervids in South America","volume":"197","author":"Zanatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griciuvien\u0117, L., Janeli\u016bnas, \u017d., Jurgelevi\u010dius, V., and Paulauskas, A. (2021). The Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on the Genetic Structure of Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa) Population in Lithuania. BMC Genom. Data, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-021-01008-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64216-9","article-title":"How Climate Change and Wildlife Management Affect Population Structure in Wild Boars","volume":"10","author":"Vetter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.1.2267","article-title":"The Globalisation of Farm Animal Welfare","volume":"33","author":"Fraser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.02.006","article-title":"The Role of Deer as Vehicles to Move Ticks, Ixodes Ricinus, between Contrasting Habitats","volume":"40","author":"Gilbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.11.020","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii in Ticks and Wild Birds","volume":"10","author":"Tokarevich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00178-9","article-title":"The Detection of Coxiella Burnetii from Ovine Genital Swabs, Milk and Fecal Samples by the Use of a Single Touchdown Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"72","author":"Berri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01433-15","article-title":"Host and Environmental Factors Modulate the Exposure of Free-Ranging and Farmed Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) to Coxiella Burnetii","volume":"81","author":"Boadella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00700-x","article-title":"Computational Assessment of Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Mixture Models","volume":"4","author":"Mocking","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElMoaqet, H., Kim, J., Tilbury, D., Ramachandran, S.K., Ryalat, M., and Chu, C.-H. (2020). Gaussian Mixture Models for Detecting Sleep Apnea Events Using Single Oronasal Airflow Record. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217889"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-36","article-title":"Importance of Local Knowledge in Plant Resources Management and Conservation in Two Protected Areas from Tr\u00e1s-Os-Montes, Portugal","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemos, S., Llaneza, L., Pereira, A., and Monz\u00f3n, A. (2025). Food Habits of the Wolf in a Low-Density Territory in the Northeast of Tr\u00e1s-Os-Montes (Portugal). Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15060873"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pinheiro, E.C. (2008). Beira Interior\u2014Portugal, Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica. Rota Da L\u00e3 Translana Percursos E Marcas De Um Territ\u00f3rio De Fronteira: Beira Interior (Portugal) E Comarca Tajo-Salor-Almonte (Espanha), Museu De Lanif\u00edcios Da Universidade Da Beira Interior."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Paulsen, A.B.P., Vodnansky, M., Winkelmayer, R., and Smulders, F.J.M. (2011). The Utility of Gis in Studying the Distribution of Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa) and Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) in Central Portugal. Game Meat Hygiene in Focus: Microbiology, Epidemiology, Risk Analysis and Quality Assurance, Rittenhouse Book Distributors."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12211","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii (Q-Fever) Seroprevalence in Prey and Predators in the United Kingdom: Evaluation of Infection in Wild Rodents, Foxes and Domestic Cats Using a Modified Elisa","volume":"62","author":"Meredith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e293\u2013300","article-title":"Q Fever Dairy Herd Status Determination Based on Serological and Molecular Analysis of Bulk Tank Milk","volume":"63","author":"Carolino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1374-x","article-title":"Prospective Serosurvey of Coxiella Burnetii Antibodies in Selected Sheep of Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2294","article-title":"A Nationwide Seroepidemiologic Study on Q Fever Antibodies in Sheep of Portugal","volume":"18","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd6681","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add6681","article-title":"The Infectious Disease Trap of Animal Agriculture","volume":"8","author":"Hayek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110580","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Roe Deer during Q Fever Epidemic, The Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Rijks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"26","article-title":"Serological Survey of Coxiella Burnetii at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in the Eastern Pyrenees, Spain","volume":"58","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000630","article-title":"Review: Animal Health and Sustainable Global Livestock Systems","volume":"12","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jado, I., Carranza-Rodr\u00edguez, C., Barandika, J.F., Toledo, \u00c1., Garc\u00eda-Amil, C., Serrano, B., Bola\u00f1os, M., Gil, H., Escudero, R., and Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, A.L. (2012). Molecular Method for the Characterization of Coxiella Burnetii from Clinical and Environmental Samples: Variability of Genotypes in Spain. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-91"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12913","article-title":"Outbreaks of Abortions by Coxiella Burnetii in Small Ruminant Flocks and a Longitudinal Serological Approach on Archived Bulk Tank Milk Suggest Q Fever Emergence in Central Portugal","volume":"65","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0679-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella Burnetii Antibodies in Portuguese Dairy Cattle Herds","volume":"47","author":"Pimenta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anast\u00e1cio, S., Anjos, S., Neves, S., Neves, T., Esteves, P., Craveiro, H., Madeira, B., Pires, M.D.A., Sousa, S., and da Silva, G. (2022). Coxiella Burnetii in Dogs and Cats from Portugal: Serological and Molecular Analysis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121525"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, G., Ribeiro, M., Martins, M., Cardoso, J.M., Esteves, F., Anast\u00e1cio, S., Duarte, S., Vala, H., Cruz, R., and Mesquita, J.R. (2025). Assessing Q Fever Exposure in Veterinary Professionals: A Study on Seroprevalence and Awareness in Portugal, 2024. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12060512"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-020-01483-y","article-title":"Occupationally Acquired Q Fever in Shepherds and Sheep Milk Cheesemakers","volume":"17","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00edn, D., Caballero-G\u00f3mez, J., Cano-Terriza, D., Jim\u00e9nez-Ruiz, S., Paniagua, J., Prieto-Yerro, P., Castro-Scholten, S., and Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra, I. (2024). Seroepidemiology of Coxiella Burnetii in Domestic and Wild Ruminant Species in Southern Spain. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213072"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13223","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella Burnetii Antibodies in Wild Deer Populations in Eastern Australia","volume":"101","author":"Voss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109422","article-title":"Stable Prevalence of Coxiella Burnetii in Wildlife after a Decade of Surveillance in Northern Spain","volume":"268","author":"Zendoia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300688","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.27.2300688","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q Fever in Humans in Four Selected Regions, Spain, 2016 to 2022","volume":"29","author":"Cifo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargo, T., Salvador, S., Abrantes, A.C., and Vieira-Pinto, M. (2026). Unveiling Q Fever Underreporting in Humans and Livestock: A One Health Alert. Zoonotic Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis6030030"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/18\/2876\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:44:06Z","timestamp":1789469046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/18\/2876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16182876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16182876","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}