{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:07:44Z","timestamp":1789380464521,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62003312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32472010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62003312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003312"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32472010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["202102110125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102110125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To better analyze the health and welfare of individual dairy cows, this study proposes BR-Tracker, a multi-object tracking method designed for dense monitoring environments to address missed detections, tracking failures, and frequent identity switches. In the object detection stage, a Receptive Field Attention Downsampling (RFADown) module is introduced into the neck network of YOLOv10s to effectively process the locally visible regions of occluded cows by dynamically adjusting the receptive field. An improved Partial Bi-Level Routing Attention (PBRA) module is incorporated into the backbone network to simultaneously extract global and local features, while a Spatial Pyramid Pooling with Efficient Layer Aggregation Network (SPPELAN) module is adopted to enhance multi-scale feature aggregation. In the object tracking stage, an MPDIoU-based matching algorithm is designed to improve matching accuracy and the reliability of trajectory association. The dataset contains 15,420 images for object detection and 130 independent videos for multi-object tracking, of which 40 videos are selected for the final tracking evaluation. Experimental results show that BR-YOLOv10s achieves a precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP) of 95.7%, 90.3%, and 95.2%, respectively. Compared with the YOLOv10s-ByteTrack baseline, the proposed method improves HOTA, MOTA, MOTP, and IDF1 by 4.4, 5.7, 3.0, and 6.1 percentage points, respectively, while reducing identity switches by 23.19%. In addition, the tracker achieves a processing speed of 43.2 FPS. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively perform real-time detection and tracking of densely distributed dairy cows in complex intensive farming environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"2884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multi-Object Tracking Method for Dairy Cows in Intensive Farming Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1780-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Diao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7856-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Suna","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baohua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104982","article-title":"FLYOLOv3 deep learning for key parts of dairy cow body detection","volume":"166","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. 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