{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:10:15Z","timestamp":1789992615911,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD1300900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mulberry leaf is a promising sustainable plant-based feed resource; however, high dietary inclusion of raw mulberry leaf impairs growth in carnivorous fish. Fermentation degrades anti-nutritional components and enhances nutrient availability, yet the dose-dependent effects and underlying mechanisms of fermented mulberry leaf (FML) in Acipenser schrenckii remain unclear. This study assessed graded dietary FML inclusion (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) as a partial replacement for fishmeal in Amur sturgeon, measuring growth performance, intestinal morphology, serum biochemistry, target gene expression, gut microbiota, and metabolome. Moderate FML maintained acceptable growth, increased villus height, activated the Keap1\u2013Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, and raised serum IgM and C3 levels without provoking severe intestinal inflammation. Intestinal microecology underwent prominent dose-dependent remodeling: low-dose FML enriched Lysinibacillus and Clostridium_T, while moderate-to-high FML increased the abundance of beneficial Bacillales taxa that modulated amino acid and energy-associated metabolic pathways. Quadratic regression estimated an optimal FML dosage of 3.66\u20134.62%. The 4% FML group achieved balanced improvements in growth and intestinal health within this optimal range. Collectively, FML represents a promising sustainable feed ingredient for sturgeon aquaculture, providing new references for applying mulberry by-products in carnivorous fish diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:50:27Z","timestamp":1789566627000},"page":"2918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Fermented Mulberry Leaf Triggers Dose-Dependent Changes in Growth, Antioxidant Immune Status and Intestinal Microecology of Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550000, China"},{"name":"Beijing Tianyuanyugang Farm Co., Ltd. (Beijing Amur Sturgeon Elite Breeding Base), Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wanwan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550000, China"},{"name":"Beijing Tianyuanyugang Farm Co., Ltd. (Beijing Amur Sturgeon Elite Breeding Base), Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-0467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuekai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7133-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Technology Research Institute of China Agricultural University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasa","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fuyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2011.01757.x","article-title":"Global sturgeon aquaculture production: An overview","volume":"27","author":"Bronzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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