{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:03:41Z","timestamp":1789643021991,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cHabitat Selection and Spatial and Temporal Distribution of black-necked cranes in XiZang\u201d and the Natural Science Foundation of the XiZang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202501ZR0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202501ZR0043"]}]},{"name":"\u201cSynchronized Monitoring of Wintering Waterbirds Nationwide in the XiZang Autonomous Region in 2024\u201d","award":["DSF2024-Z-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSF2024-Z-38"]}]},{"name":"2023 Central Finance Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration Fund National Nature Reserve Subsidy Project","award":["GZFCG2023-16170-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZFCG2023-16170-003"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project (Phase II) of the Doctoral Program in Forestry, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University","award":["53326002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53326002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Winter food conditions can shape behavioral investment, yet measured food mass and short-term foraging behavior need not covary. We quantified the potentially available food dry mass (FD), foraging-attempt rate (FAR), and 15 min behavioral time allocation of wintering black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis Przevalski, 1876) in five habitats across three sampling stages in Linzhou County, XiZang. Food was sampled in eight independent plots per stage \u00d7 habitat combination, and 600 valid focal observations were analyzed under a working-independence assumption. Habitat, sampling stage, and their interaction were associated with both FD and FAR (all nominal p &lt; 0.001 in the fixed-effects models). Unplowed farmland consistently had the highest FD and FAR, whereas riverbank and shallow-water areas generally had the lowest values. Foraging accounted for 59.2\u201375.3% of observed time. Because different plots and partly different valleys were sampled among stages, these stage-associated contrasts combine temporal and spatial variation. Plot-level FD\u2013FAR relationships varied among habitats and stages, showing that measured dry mass and a 1 min behavioral rate were not interchangeable indicators of food accessibility, foraging success, or energetic payoff. Future work should revisit fixed plots, retain individual\u2013flock\u2013plot\u2013session identifiers, and quantify food identity, burial depth, hydrological conditions, successful ingestion, and detection-corrected habitat use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1789639143000},"page":"2923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Habitat- and Stage-Associated Variation in Food Resources, Foraging-Attempt Rates, and Behavioral Time Allocation of Wintering Black-Necked Cranes in Linzhou County, XiZang"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huirui","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Minghang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuemin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Grassland, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100, Yucai West Road, Bayi District, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avrs.2025.100243","article-title":"Habitat suitability and influencing factors of a threatened highland flagship species, the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis)","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40657-020-00192-y","article-title":"Foraging habitat selection of overwintering Black-necked Cranes in the farming area surrounding the Caohai Wetland, Guizhou Province, China","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8719","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8719","article-title":"Winners and losers of land use change: A systematic review of interactions between the world\u2019s crane species (Gruidae) and the agricultural sector","volume":"12","author":"Hemminger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. 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