{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:00Z","timestamp":1792788900626,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Estatal de Quevedo","award":["FOCICYT 2024\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOCICYT 2024\u20132025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrwjj27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["FOCICYT 2024\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOCICYT 2024\u20132025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrwjj27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Farm typologies assume discrete groups, although structural heterogeneity in Amazonian cattle systems may follow continuous gradients. We evaluated whether 164 dual-purpose cattle farms in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador, were better represented by mutually exclusive types or continuous archetypal configurations and whether these configurations were economically differentiated. Factor analysis of mixed data, permutation-based dimensional retention, clusterability assessment, archetypal analysis, bootstrap resampling, economic validation, and repeated cross-validation were integrated. Two structural dimensions explained 40.1% of inertia: livestock intensification and infrastructure, and farm scale and land use; agreement with multiple factor analysis was high (Procrustes R2 = 0.990). The Gap statistic supported k = 1, providing no evidence for defensible discrete farm groups. Archetypal analysis identified three continuous configurations: lower-input, livestock intensification, and large-scale land-use. Many farms occupied intermediate positions, showing varying affinities to the three configurations rather than exclusive membership in one. Greater affinity to livestock intensification was associated with the highest annual net benefit and pasture opportunity cost, whereas large-scale land-use showed intermediate economic performance. Predictive accuracy remained modest despite lower errors for archetype-based models. Continuous livestock archetypes provide a screening framework for differentiated management, but farm decisions require current economic, productive, and parcel information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1789988753000},"page":"2931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous Livestock Archetypes for Characterizing Structural Heterogeneity in Dual-Purpose Cattle Farms in the Ecuadorian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Urd\u00e1nigo-Zambrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo Av. Quito km, 1 \u00bd V\u00eda a Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas, Quevedo 120550, Ecuador"},{"name":"Natural Resources and Sustainable Management Program, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolier","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Silvicultura y Producci\u00f3n Agr\u00edcola, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), Puyo 160101, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"De-Pablos-Heredero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Economics (Administration, Management and Organization), Applied Economics II and Fundamentals of Economic Analysis, Rey Juan Carlos University, Paseo de los Artilleros s\/n, 28032 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yenny","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo Av. Quito km, 1 \u00bd V\u00eda a Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas, Quevedo 120550, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1977-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3n","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zavala, E., Capote, C.B., Vieyra, J., Boyer Bustamante, E., and Garc\u00eda, A. 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