{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:11:18Z","timestamp":1789992678188,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALENTEJO 2030\u2014FEDER","award":["60075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress (HS) occurs when the body\u2019s physiological mechanisms for regulating body temperature are unable to cope with external conditions. Regarding male reproductive function, HS increases testicular temperature, leading to a reduction in sperm production and motility, and an increase in abnormal sperm, oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation. However, the molecular basis behind these induced HS changes has not been fully characterized. In bovine spermatozoa, post-transcriptional regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) is activated during spermatogenesis, and mechanisms mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the control of gene expression throughout the germline differentiation. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles containing proteins, lipids, miRNAs, mRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs derived from seminal plasma and epididymis influence sperm motility, capacitation, and fertilization potential. Therefore, despite the fact that mature spermatozoa are in an inactive transcriptional state, these cells contain a complex population of RNAs playing a role in embryonic development, which can be exploited for research on and diagnosis of male infertility. This review aims to elucidate several aspects of bovine sperm physiology and molecular mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the cascade of functional, cellular, and molecular events triggered by elevated temperatures in mature spermatozoa to disclose strategies to mitigate HS effects and maintain bull fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16182953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1789988753000},"page":"2953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat Stress and the Bull Sperm Transcriptome: Molecular Mechanisms, Fertility, and Epigenetic Inheritance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9259-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Franco da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIVG\u2013Vasco da Gama Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Sciences, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu\u2014J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fab\u00edola F.","family":"Paula-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu\u2014J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Qu\u00edmicas e Farmac\u00eauticas\u2014Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09972-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ticiano Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Semen Biotechnology and Andrology, Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIVG\u2013Vasco da Gama Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Sciences, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"AL4Animals\u2014Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7514-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M. 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